Hydro cyano and cyano fullerene derivatives

Abstract

Novel acidic hydrogen cyano fullerenes and cyano fullerenes are disclosed that may be utilized as components in a proton conducting membrane (PCM). In particular, C60H(CN)n, wherein n>1, and C60(CN)n, wherein n>2, species are provided.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 11 / 067,599, filed on Feb. 25, 2005. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0002] Not Applicable INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC [0003] Not Applicable NOTICE OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION [0004] A portion of the material in this patent document is subject to copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office publicly available file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does not hereby waive any of its rights to have this patent document maintained in secrecy, including without limitation its rights pursuant t...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0018] An additional object of the present invention is to relate a derivatized carbon cluster mixing agent utilized in producing a PCM by which the mixing agent facilitates blending of a host polymer and a carbon cluster modified with both hydrogen and cyano moieties.

[0019] A still further object of the present invention is to disclose a poly(ethylene oxide) derivatized fullerene mixing agent utilized in producing a PCM by which the mixing agent facilitates blending of a host polymer and a hydrogen and cyano derivatized fullerene.

Problems solved by technology

This water can be problematic, as discussed below, in operation of a PEFC.

Lack of suitable membrane availability has been hindering the commercialization of PEFC.

Water management is one of the most difficult issues in operating a PEFC.

A breakdown in water balance between production and loss of water at the cathode side often results in water flood, while the anode interface with the membrane may suffer from water depletion due to water transportation toward the cathode side.

Both the flood and the depletion may increase the cell over-potential, which results in loss of power.

Currently, no commercially available PCM meets this demand.

NAFION, the industrial standard PCM by DuPont, is widely used in PEFC; yet it is sensitive to humidity, a very undesirable characteristic.

Other existing proton conducting membranes, commercially available or under development, are as good or even better than NAFION under fully humidified condition, but very few outperform NAFION under low humidity conditions.

Lack of membranes capable of functioning under low RH, (i.e., maintaining high conductivity, ˜10−1 S cm−1) has been an obstacle to bringing PEFC to market.

The challenge for the industry is how to improve the conductivity of PCMs, where water plays a vital role in proton transportation, under dry condition.

The problem with such an approach is that the membrane tends to swell more with a higher degree of sulfonation, which is detrimental in operation of fuel cell since the dimensional stability of the PCM is a key to the operation.

Also, there is synthetic difficulty associated with increasing degree of sulfonation.

Furthermore, there is a theoretical limit to the conductivity due to the sulfonyl groups (—SO3H) in the membrane.

The problems with HPA, however, are that it is water-soluble, thus leaches out, and the proton conductivity is sensitive to humidity.

Hence, immobilization of HPA in a membrane is a particularly important issue.

Improvement of the performance of a PBI / H3PO4 membrane has been achieved through the use of polyphosphoric acid, however, the poor performance at low temperature and leaching out of H3PO4 by water condensation remain unsolved.

However, there are concerns regarding this solid acid: reduction of the sulfur in the CsHSO4 electrolyte may occur over time, the reaction with hydrogen forms hydrogen sulfide, and also a poisoning to the Pt catalyst may occur.

Other solid acids may be less problematic, but the stability of the materials remain problematic since the operation temperatures for these solid acids are close to their thermal decomposition temperatures.

Thus, anhydrous (non-water) membranes have not reached a practical stage for operation of PEFC.

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