The invention discloses a qualitative detection method for a loosening fault of a foundation bolt of a
reciprocating engine. The qualitative detection method comprises the following steps: step 1, respectively collecting vibration signals of the foundation bolt in a
normal state and a fault state in an engine operation state; step 2, obtaining a corresponding speed
signal; 3, calculating an average effective value, a difference value and a
relative change rate of
vibration acceleration signals of the body supporting seat and the foundation in normal and fault states; 4, the average effective value, the difference value and the
relative change rate of the vibration speed signals of the body supporting seat and the foundation in the normal and fault states are calculated; 5, the
relative change rate of the two feature values is calculated, and whether the engine breaks down or not is judged; 6, calculating an average amplitude spectrum and a difference spectrum of the normal and fault state speed signals; 7, extracting a frequency component, and calculating an energy ratio; and 8, comprehensively judging whether a foundation bolt loosening fault occurs or not. According to the invention, qualitative detection of the loosening fault of the engine foundation bolt can be accurately and efficiently realized.