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28 results about "Orthodontic archwire" patented technology

An archwire in orthodontics is a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch that can be used with dental braces as a source of force in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth. An archwire can also be used to maintain existing dental positions; in this case it has a retentive purpose.

Hybrid orthodontic archwires

Hybrid orthodontic archwire designs are disclosed. Hybrid archwires may have bracket-archwire sections and interproximal archwire sections in which each section can vary in cross-section shape, size, and / or material properties. Bracket-archwire sections may be configured to promote torque control and may have rectangular cross-sections. Interproximal archwire sections may be configured to be bent into force-promoting loops and may have round cross sections. Each archwire section may be straight or bent into any shape. Hybrid archwires may have sliding sections and non-sliding sections. Non-sliding sections may have male connectors configured to prevent the archwire from sliding relative to the orthodontic brackets and / or may have cross-sectional shapes, sizes, or coatings that resist sliding relative to sliding sections. Sliding sections may have linear archwire segments. Hybrid archwires may have distal or posterior non-sliding sections and an intermediate anterior or medial sliding section.
Owner:LORELLI TECHNOLOGIES LLC

Orthodontic bracket

ActiveFR3151194B1Arch wiresBracketsDentistryOrthodontic archwire
Orthodontic bracket (10) comprising a body having a base intended to be fixed to the external surface of a tooth and a vestibular part intended to retain an orthodontic archwire (13) extending in a generally mesio-distal direction, characterized in that it comprises a housing (111) at least partly open on said base to open onto said tooth when said base is fixed on the external surface of said tooth, and intended to receive an adhesive material defining, once hardened, a retention pad for an orthodontic splint, a separation rib projecting from the base, placed on the periphery and in the extension of said housing (111), configured to separate the adhesive material intended to be received in said housing (111) from the adhesive material intended to be received on the rest of said base, and a folding groove (114) on the vestibular part, transverse to the latter, and opposite said housing (111).Abstract Figure: Figure 5.
Owner:DENERI JEAN CLAUDE +2

Orthodontic archwires

ActiveJP3253213UArch wiresPeriodontiumOrthoptic treatment
To provide an arch wire for orthodontics that can reduce pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatment by using a low-rigidity wire. [Solution] The orthodontic archwire 10 has a loop portion 30 formed in a predetermined shape to enable loop mechanics, and is made of a superelastic material selected from the group consisting of nitinol, titanium-molybdenum alloy (TMA), and gum metal, which have a Young's modulus of 100 GPa or less. When the loop portion is activated, a force that slowly returns to its original shape acts continuously on the target tooth, physiologically promoting tooth movement and reducing pain during treatment, and further reducing the risk of complications due to excessive force, such as root resorption and damage to periodontal tissue.
Owner:嘉数好哉

Dental sets for molar intrusion and open bite treatment

ActiveJP7795255B1Arch wiresBracketsOs intermaxillareMaxillary canine tooth
To provide a dental set for open bite treatment, which can easily depress molars in a short period of time without causing extrusion of front teeth when it is necessary to depress molars in open bite treatment, thereby enabling open bite treatment. [Solution] The dental set for open bite treatment has a plurality of brackets (201) attached to the patient's maxillary or mandibular teeth, an orthodontic wire (11) attached to these brackets, and an intermaxillary elastic (400). When indenting a patient's maxillary molars, the intermaxillary elastic is stretched by attaching the orthodontic wire to the bracket attached to the crown of the maxillary canine from above and stretching it, then hooking it from below to the bracket attached to the crown of the mandibular canine, and further hooking it onto a bondable tube (202) attached to the crown of the mandibular first molar. The same applies when indenting a patient's mandibular molars.
Owner:CEPHMEDICAL

Oral orthodontic correction arch wire friction corrosion test system

The invention belongs to the technical field of new material detection, and discloses an orthodontic correction arch wire friction corrosion test system, which comprises a controller, a mechanical excitation device and an electrochemical workstation, and is characterized in that the controller controls the electrochemical workstation to apply polarization pulses to form an ion sheath for neutralizing friction charges; the method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out mechanical damage and electrochemical response on the surface of a material, then controlling a mechanical excitation device to apply single instantaneous mechanical scratch, immediately triggering an electrochemical workstation after the scratch is finished, and recording an electrochemical relaxation transient process of spontaneous repassivation of the surface of the material in a static environment without mechanical interference. The technical problem that the dynamic repairing capacity of the material cannot be accurately evaluated due to signal aliasing in an existing continuous friction test is solved, and the obtained data is no longer a fuzzy average value but a clear dynamic fingerprint containing rich physical mechanisms.
Owner:JIAMUSI UNIVERSITY

An orthodontic archwire bending field evaluation method based on bending field angle region segmentation

The application discloses an orthodontic arch wire bending field evaluation method based on bending field angle area segmentation, and relates to the field of orthodontic arch wire bending evaluation. When the bending effect requirement of the orthodontic arch wire bending field is used to evaluate the orthodontic arch wire bending field, the pose of the theoretical orthodontic arch wire curve bending field space curve and the actual orthodontic arch wire bending field space curve in the bending field evaluation space coordinate system is used. After judging the field error, the relative angle area bending error and the total angle area bending error of the actual orthodontic arch wire bending field space curve are judged by combining the bending point standard degree of the theoretical orthodontic arch wire bending field space curve and the relative standard degree of the bending point of the theoretical orthodontic arch wire bending field space curve. An orthodontic arch wire bending field evaluation method based on bending field angle area segmentation is established. The orthodontic arch wire bending field is taken as the evaluation target, the field error, the relative angle area bending error and the total angle area bending error are taken as the evaluation indexes, the bending effect of the orthodontic arch wire bending field can be evaluated, and the problem that the orthodontic arch wire bending field cannot meet the orthodontic effect requirement provided by the orthodontic arch wire bending field required for tooth correction is avoided.
Owner:HARBIN UNIV OF SCI & TECH

Traction guide plate for embedded canine on buccal side and traction method of traction guide plate

PendingCN121754331ABracketsArch wiresEmbedded teeth
The invention relates to the technical field of orthodontics, in particular to a buccal side embedded canine tooth traction guide plate and a traction method thereof.The traction guide plate comprises a fixing end and a traction end, the fixing end is of a rectangular structure, the fixing end is fixed to an orthodontic bracket and an orthodontic arch wire on rear teeth through metal ligature wires, and the traction end is connected with the metal ligature wires. A traction end is mounted on the side, close to the embedded teeth, of the fixed end, the traction end is of a bent arc-shaped structure, a first traction position and a second traction position are arranged on the traction end, and the traction end is connected with a traction site bonded to the embedded canine teeth through an elastic rubber chain so as to pull the embedded canine teeth; according to the invention, the arc-shaped traction end with the first traction position and the second traction position is designed, the first hook is utilized to realize inclined movement of the embedded canine from the embedded position to the target area in the first stage, and the plurality of second hooks are utilized to realize vertical positioning and fine position adjustment of the teeth in the second stage; the accuracy and controllability of a tooth moving path are improved, and the treatment period is shortened.
Owner:NINGXIA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY GENERAL HOSPITAL

Non-invasive anterior tooth depression correction device for realizing anterior tooth adduction

The utility model provides a non-invasive anterior tooth depressing correction device for realizing anterior tooth adduction, which is used for applying depressing force downwards through deformation force of the device so as to restrain vertical extension of anterior teeth, and comprises a frame, a first end fixing buckle, a second end fixing buckle, a first elastic ring, a second elastic ring and a fixing part, the first end fixing buckle and the second end fixing buckle are connected to the two ends of the frame respectively and used for being fixed to an orthodontic arch wire. The fixing part is arranged in the middle of the frame, the first elastic ring is arranged on the first side of the frame and located between the first end fixing buckle and the fixing part, and the second elastic ring is arranged on the second side of the frame and located between the second end fixing buckle and the fixing part.
Owner:CHANGZHI PEOPLES HOSPITAL (CHANGZHI OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE PREVENTION & CONTROL HOSPITAL)

Systems for and methods of shaping orthodontic archwires

PCT designated stageWO2025179035A1Programme-controlled manipulatorArch wiresDentistryOrthodontic archwire
Systems for and methods of shaping non-sliding orthodontic archwires. A system with a robot can move connectors of an archwire to positions corresponding to digital markers in a virtual model of a patient's teeth in a planned alignment which can position interproximal segments between adjacent connectors in custom nonplanar shapes. The interproximal segments can be heat set such that the custom nonplanar shapes become the memorized shape of the interproximal segments configured to move a patient's teeth toward the digitally planned alignment.
Owner:SWIFT HEALTH SYSTEMS INC

Orthodontic archwire evaluation method based on coplanar isogonal vectors

The application discloses an orthodontic arch wire evaluation method based on coplanar isogonal vectors, and relates to the field of orthodontic arch wire bending evaluation. The application is based on a set of bending point information of a theoretical orthodontic arch wire curve after spatial transformation, a set of bending point information of an actual orthodontic arch wire curve after spatial transformation, judges the isogonal point distance of the orthodontic arch wire, then combines the judgment of the isogonal vector angle and the maximum included angle between the coplanar isogonal vector group of the orthodontic arch wire and a base vector, and establishes an orthodontic arch wire evaluation method based on coplanar isogonal vectors. The application effectively improves the efficiency of the parameterized evaluation of the orthodontic arch wire, realizes the quantitative evaluation of the orthodontic arch wire by calculating the isogonal point distance of the actual orthodontic arch wire curve, the isogonal vector angle and the maximum included angle between the coplanar isogonal vector group of the orthodontic arch wire and the base vector.
Owner:HARBIN UNIV OF SCI & TECH

Orthodontic forceps

The utility model relates to the field of orthodontics, and provides an orthodontic clamp which comprises a clamp handle. The forceps beak is connected with the forceps handle, the forceps beak is provided with a pair of opposite clamping faces, the pair of clamping faces are used for clamping an orthodontic arch wire, and the pair of clamping faces are arranged to be of matched step structures so that the orthodontic arch wire can be bent to form a step curve. According to the arrangement, the forcep beaks of the orthodontic forceps are designed to be step-shaped, and an orthodontic doctor can directly realize forming of a step curve in the mouth by applying force once, so that the problems of tooth torsion, extension, pressing, inward and outward entering and the like are solved. The orthodontic arch wire can be directly operated in the mouth without dismounting the orthodontic arch wire, the defects of time waste and the like caused by operation outside the mouth are avoided, the operation steps are simplified, the operation efficiency is improved, the operation convenience is improved, and the treatment experience of a patient is improved.
Owner:PEKING UNIV SCHOOL OF STOMATOLOGY

An orthodontic appliance that is easy to retain

This utility model discloses an orthodontic appliance with easy retention, including an orthodontic archwire. Multiple appliances are mounted on the archwire, and each appliance includes an appliance base. Elastic clips are fixedly connected to both side walls of the appliance base. Multiple grooves are formed on the front side of the appliance base, and multiple protrusions are fixedly connected to the front side of the appliance base. An appliance support block is fixedly connected to the back side of the appliance base, and an archwire groove for placing the archwire is formed on the side wall of the appliance support block. This utility model, through the synergistic effect of the protrusion and groove structure of the appliance base and the elastic clips, forms a mechanical fit with the tooth surface, greatly enhancing the retention force between the appliance and the teeth, effectively reducing loosening and displacement of the appliance in the oral cavity, and improving the stability and accuracy of orthodontic treatment.
Owner:SHAOYANG UNIV

Orthodontic arch wire friction corrosion testing device and testing method

The present invention discloses an orthodontic archwire friction corrosion testing device and testing method. The device includes: an electrochemical corrosion testing assembly for placing an archwire and containing artificial saliva, immersing the archwire in the artificial saliva, and performing electrochemical testing on the archwire in the artificial saliva to output a corresponding corrosion test signal; a friction and wear testing assembly, corresponding to the electrochemical corrosion testing assembly, for fixing brackets and performing friction testing on the brackets and archwire to output a corresponding friction test signal; and a data acquisition and calculation assembly, wherein the acquisition end of the data acquisition and calculation assembly is connected to the output end of the friction and wear testing assembly and the output end of the electrochemical corrosion testing assembly, respectively, and the data acquisition and calculation assembly is used to collect friction test signals and corrosion test signals and calculate the friction parameters and corrosion parameters of the archwire. The present invention aims to enable the testing device to complete simultaneous testing of the friction, wear and corrosion properties of the archwire in an artificial saliva environment.
Owner:SHENZHEN UNIV

Orthodontic arch wire tail end treatment device

The utility model relates to the technical field of orthodontics, in particular to an orthodontic arch wire tail end treatment device which comprises a grip A. One end of the grip A is fixedly connected with a connecting block, the inner wall of the connecting block is connected with an installation assembly in a clamped mode, one end of the installation assembly is fixedly connected with a tong head, one end of the inner wall of the grip A is fixedly connected with a fixing base, and the fixing base is fixedly connected with a fixing rod. A damping rotating shaft is arranged on the inner wall of the fixing base, and a rotating rod is rotationally connected to the outer surface of the damping rotating shaft. According to the orthodontic arch wire tail end treatment device disclosed by the utility model, through the arrangement of the grip A, the connecting block, the mounting assembly and the tong head, a worker can replace the tong head in the connecting block through quick assembly and disassembly between the connecting block and the mounting assembly when the orthodontic arch wire tail end treatment device is used; by means of the arrangement, a worker can conveniently select and use the plier head needing to be used for installation, and the worker can conveniently maintain and replace the damaged plier head.
Owner:李洪

Bending parameter determination method for orthodontic arch wire bending planning

The invention discloses a bending parameter determination method for orthodontic arch wire bending planning, and relates to the technical field of orthodontics, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining tooth micro-motion data and occlusal force data of a target object; performing space-frequency domain joint processing on the tooth micro-motion data and the occlusal force data to generate a micro-motion time sequence; and performing adaptive segmentation on the micro-motion time sequence according to the tooth micro-motion data, and performing mathematical modeling in an adaptive segmentation result according to the tooth micro-motion data to generate micro-motion segmentation features. According to the scheme, the sliding window feature analysis is performed on the micro-motion time sequence of the tooth micro-motion data, and the change points are identified in combination with the adaptive threshold sequence, so that the candidate segmentation points are automatically generated, the local density calculation is performed in the neighborhood of the candidate segmentation points, and whether the effective segments are formed or not is judged according to the preset judgment threshold, and the accuracy of the tooth micro-motion data is improved. Therefore, self-adaptive segmentation is completed, and local mutation and discontinuity of tooth position micro-motion can be accurately captured.
Owner:孙梦瑶

An arch control device for orthodontics

The present invention discloses an arch shape control device for oral orthodontics, comprising: an arch wire, a control member, and a clamping mechanism; the two ends of the control member are fixed to the two inner sides or two outer sides of the arch wire through a clamping mechanism respectively; the control member is an elastic member with elastic force, and the elastic force released by the control member is used to control the arch wire to maintain the arch shape, expand the arch, or shrink the arch. The control member applies a control force to the orthodontic arch wire, thereby enhancing the control force of the orthodontic arch wire on the teeth, and always adjusting the arch wire to a suitable arch shape, so as to achieve expansion, shrinkage, or maintenance of the arch shape, thereby solving the problem that the current band bow has insufficient control force on the horizontal teeth, which causes the teeth to be prone to lingual tilt, and effectively improving the correction effect. According to the specific situation of the patient, multiple pairs of control members can be personalized and designed, and different control members can be replaced at different stages of correction to meet the needs of different cases for expansion, shrinkage, and maintenance of the arch shape at different stages of correction, which has important clinical significance.
Owner:GUANGZHOU RITON BIOMATERIAL

Orthodontic archwire

ActiveUS12396824B2Arch wiresArch wiresJAW DEFORMITY
An orthodontic archwire is configured to treat a number of malocclusions. The archwire has a straight anterior section between a first posterior section and a second posterior section. The first posterior section and the second posterior section each have multiple radii of curvature and are mirror images of each other.
Owner:ORTHO ORGANIZERS INC

Self-locking ceramic bracket system

PendingCN120753810AArch wiresBracketsArch wiresCeramic brackets
The invention discloses a self-locking type ceramic bracket system for tooth orthodontics. The bracket comprises a bracket body, a bracket base and a U-shaped sliding clamp which are of an integrated structure, ligation wings are arranged on the bracket body and comprise the upper ligation wing and the lower ligation wing, the upper ligation wing is composed of the first ligation wing and the second ligation wing, and the lower ligation wing is composed of the third ligation wing and the fourth ligation wing; a concave orthodontic arch wire groove is formed between the upper ligation wing and the lower ligation wing, a turning angle at the bottom of the orthodontic arch wire groove is an arc chamfer, a bottom groove channel is formed in the bracket main body, the sliding clamp is slidably positioned in the bottom groove channel, a concave straight groove is formed in the lower end of the upper ligation wing or the upper end of the lower ligation wing, and the sliding clamp is positioned in the straight groove. One end of the sliding clamp abuts against the straight groove, and the other end of the sliding clamp extends out of the bottom groove channel. The self-locking orthodontic arch wire has the advantages that the self-locking structure is reliable, the self-locking orthodontic arch wire is not easy to fall off and loosen, the self-locking orthodontic arch wire is easy to disassemble while having strong adhesive force, an orthodontic arch wire groove is smooth, and the wearing comfort
Owner:HANGZHOU MINGLI MEDICAL INSTR CO LTD

Orthodontic appliance and method of manufacturing the same

PendingUS20250221798A1Arch wiresBracketsOrthodontic wireDentistry
For an orthodontic appliance that may be easily and accurately attached to teeth and a method of manufacturing the orthodontic appliance, an orthodontic appliance including a slot configured to accommodate an orthodontic wire to be inserted and a contact portion configured to contact a positioner located on a surface of a tooth and a method of manufacturing the orthodontic appliance are provided.
Owner:MAVEN INC

Special orthodontic arch wire for weak anchorage

The utility model relates to the technical field of orthodontic arch wires, in particular to a special orthodontic arch wire for weak anchorage, which comprises an arch wire body, two semi-spheres capable of holding tightly are arranged at the tail end of the arch wire body, and cavities capable of wrapping the tail end of the arch wire body are arranged in the semi-spheres. A supporting block which can be tightly held on the arch wire body is arranged on the semi-sphere, and a clamping assembly which is used for enabling the semi-sphere and the supporting block to clamp the arch wire body is arranged on the supporting block. The tail end, extending out of the metal bracket, of the arch wire body is wrapped by the two semi-spheres, so that the tail end of the arch wire body extends into the cavity, and the phenomenon that the tail end of the arch wire body is stressed to deform and tilt to puncture the mouth of a patient during weak anchorage orthodontics is avoided.
Owner:BEIJING YILING TECH CO LTD

Bragg grating-based orthodontic force measurement method and device

ActiveCN116718300BArch wiresDentistry
The application discloses a kind of orthodontic force measurement method and device based on Bragg grating, comprising the following steps: S1, force measuring orthodontic arch wire is installed on tooth, the force measuring orthodontic arch wire includes orthodontic arch wire and the optical fiber Bragg grating arranged on orthodontic arch wire;S2, connect optical fiber Bragg grating, optical fiber signal demodulator and host computer;S3, execute occlusion action, and host computer calculates the transverse force and / or longitudinal force of tooth according to Bragg grating wavelength shift amount.This application realizes the dynamic continuous measurement of orthodontic force transverse component and torque component, can provide more data support for correction process, assist doctor to make more accurate diagnosis and treatment scheme, solve the problem that traditional strain type and piezoelectric sensor are large in size and difficult to enter directly measure.
Owner:PEKING UNIV SCHOOL OF STOMATOLOGY

Orthodontic archwire forming and cutting device

The present application provides a kind of orthodontic arch wire forming cutting device, including machine frame, the machine frame is provided with by first motor driven wire feeder, by second motor driven variable diameter component, by third motor drive eccentric wheel, the machine frame is transversely provided with wire tube in the left and right sides of the wire feeder, the machine frame is transversely slidably fitted with horizontal moving piece, first connecting rod is hinged between the horizontal moving piece and the eccentric wheel, the machine frame is elastically and slidably fitted with inclined block, and the inclined block is provided with cutting knife on the horizontal moving piece, the machine frame is provided with with the horizontal moving piece connection ration pouring mechanism.The present application has the advantages that: can automatically form dental arch wire, so that the dental arch wire is cut off and falls into the receiving frame, the ration driving assembly is driven once, after the repeated number of times, the ration driving assembly releases the lower cover plate, and the ration dental arch wire slides and pours, without manual counting.
Owner:NINGBO YARUI MEDICAL EQUIPMENT CO LTD

Orthodontic bracket

An orthodontic bracket (10) comprising a body having a base for securing to an outer surface of a tooth and a vestibular portion for holding an orthodontic arch wire (13) extending in a generally mesial-distal direction, characterized in that the orthodontic bracket comprises a cavity (111) at least partially open on the base, the cavity (111) being configured to receive the orthodontic arch wire (13) from the base. The invention relates to an orthodontic appliance comprising a base (11) having a cavity (111) for accommodating an adhesive material which opens into the tooth when the base is fixed to the outer surface of the tooth and which, upon curing, forms a holder for an orthodontic appliance, and a separating rib protruding from the base, placed on the outer contour of the cavity (111) and within the extension thereof, the device comprises a cavity (111), a vestibular portion (114) arranged to separate the adhesive material intended to be received in the cavity (111) from the adhesive material intended to be received on the rest of the substrate, and a bent groove (114) on the vestibular portion, transverse to the vestibular portion, opposite the cavity (111).
Owner:金-克劳德·代内里 +2

Multifunctional accessory assembly for orthodontics and invisible correction system

The invention discloses a multifunctional accessory assembly for orthodontics and an invisible correction system. The multifunctional accessory assembly for orthodontics comprises an accessory body and an anti-overflow strip, the accessory body is provided with a bonding bottom surface and a smooth raised outer surface; an adaptive groove is formed in the bonding bottom surface, and when the body is bonded to the surface of the tooth, the adaptive groove is closed to form a functional channel; and the outer surface is not provided with wing-shaped protrusions and is used for being tightly attached to the invisible orthodontic appliance. And the anti-overflow strip is arranged in the adaptive groove in advance, prevents the adhesive from overflowing during bonding, and is drawn out after bonding to form a clean hollow channel. According to the invention, an orthodontic arch wire or a towing hook can penetrate through the functional channel to carry out auxiliary fixed correction, and free switching between an invisible correction mode and a fixed correction mode can be realized without grinding off accessories, so that the retention force of invisible correction is ensured, the damage to enamel caused by repeated disassembly of the accessories is avoided, and the clinical operation is simplified.
Owner:SHANGHAI NINTH PEOPLES HOSPITAL SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

Orthodontic arch wire bending automatic calibration system and method based on U-shaped standard component

PendingCN121423485AMetal working apparatusGeometric controlDentistry
The invention discloses an orthodontic arch wire bending automatic calibration system and method based on a U-shaped standard part, and belongs to the field of orthodontic medical instrument manufacturing. According to the method, a U-shaped standard part with a specific geometric topology is adopted, and high-precision calibration is realized through a double-layer geometric leveling process including parallelism and coplanarity adjustment in combination with left and right U-shaped mirror image calibration based on an operator coordinate system. The system supports a factory and user dual-calibration mode, and adopts a database which takes the wire diameter, the material, the U-shaped inner diameter and the bending direction as four-dimensional process identification for parameter management, so that the uniqueness and traceability of a parameter group are ensured. The problem that systematic geometric control over a U-shaped structure is insufficient in the prior art is solved, the bending precision and consistency of the orthodontic arch wire and the long-term stability of equipment are remarkably improved, the parallelism precision and the coplanarity precision are improved by more than 50% through tests, and the bilateral symmetry consistency is improved by about 70%.
Owner:SHANGHAI YINQI DENTAL TECH CO LTD

Mechanical arm assisted orthodontic arch wire bending system and method for machine learning optimization

The invention relates to the technical field of orthodontic treatment, and discloses a mechanical arm assisted orthodontic arch wire bending system and method for machine learning optimization. The system comprises a patient data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling module, a personalized sequence bending design module, a mechanical arm bending module, a real-time feedback and closed-loop control module and a user interaction and operation interface module. And designing an arch wire bending path through machine learning based on the model, then driving a mechanical arm to bend the arch wire according to the path, and performing real-time monitoring and closed-loop control to correct the deviation so as to ensure the precision. Through personalized design driven by machine learning, precise bending of the mechanical arm and real-time closed-loop control, the precision, efficiency and consistency of orthodontic arch wire manufacturing are remarkably improved, the treatment risk is reduced through biomechanical simulation and intelligent interaction, operation and management are optimized, and many defects of the traditional technology are overcome.
Owner:FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY