The invention provides a method for preparing graphene through combustion synthesis by virtue of macromolecular polymers. The method for preparing graphene through combustion synthesis by virtue of the macromolecular polymers comprises the following steps: firstly, weighing 10-65wt% of magnesium powder and 35-90% of macromolecular polymers, and uniformly mixing; secondly, putting the mixture obtained in the step 1 in protective atmosphere, igniting the mixture by adopting an igniting agent or through resistance wire heating, and carrying out combustion synthesis reaction, so that crude product powder containing graphene is obtained; and thirdly, purifying the crude product powder obtained in the step 2 for removing impurities containing magnesium, so that pure graphene is obtained. The obtained graphene has special morphologies such as a petal shape, a fold shape, a hollow spherical shape and a scaly shape, the obtained graphene is doped with nitrogen, or fluorine, or boron, or boron and nitrogen, and number of layers is less then 10, so that the obtained graphene is convenient for industrial production and can be applied to the fields of composite materials, energy storage batteries, super capacitors, electronic devices, catalyst carriers, sensitive devices and the like.