The invention discloses a construction method of a concrete structure external wall with a built-in thermal insulating layer. The construction method comprises the steps of putting polystyrene plates among multiple layers of reinforcing meshes, obliquely inserting reinforcing steel bars in three-dimensional direction, welding the steel bars to obtain a thermal insulating wire rack board, and simultaneously pouring concrete on both internal and external sides to form a structural system. The specific construction method comprises the steps of: fabricating the thermal insulating wire rack board, banding external wall boundary members (embedded columns) and external wall board steel bars, installing the thermal insulating wire rack board, connecting steel bars around the thermal insulating wire rack board and laying pipelines, installing and fixing steel struts on the inner side of the thermal insulating wire rack board and cushion blocks on the outer side of the thermal insulating wire rack board, erecting inner templates for an external wall, erecting outer templates for the external wall, testing, simultaneously pouring concrete at both the internal side and the external side, removing templates, and curing. The inventive concrete structure external wall with the built-in thermal insulating layer has the advantages of solid connection, good sound insulating and thermal insulating effects, long service life, simple construction method, good shock resistant effect, short construction time, environmental friendliness, low construction cost, and good social and economic benefits; and is suitable for various urban residential buildings.