The invention discloses a distributed query optimization method of an equivalent expansion method based on relational algebra, and the method comprises the steps: sending a request, converting a language, constructing a query tree, optimizing fragments, decomposing the query tree, judging whether connection operation exists or not, calculating benefits and judging whether traversal is completed ornot. The method is scientific and reasonable in structure and safe and convenient to use. According to the method, the traditional SQl language is converted into the relational algebra expression byutilizing the consistency of the SQL language and the relational algebra, so that the efficiency of distributed query is indirectly improved, and the query tree is decomposed in the process of constructing the query tree, so the characteristic of data discrete distribution of a distributed system is better met, the data coupling between queries is reduced, the communication overhead is correspondingly reduced, the connection process is optimized through the MapReduce method, the communication overhead between stations in the connection process is greatly reduced, and the communication time iscorrespondingly shortened, so the query efficiency is improved.