The invention discloses a different-diameter screw cold feed vented extruder, comprising an extrusion screw comprising multi-step different-diameter screws, and an extrusion cylinder, a venting cylinder, a plasticizing cylinder, a feeding base and a thin through ring which are matched with the different-diameter screws, wherein for realizing the balance of production capacity, the screw thread external diameter of a working segment of the extrusion screw is different in steps, the extrusion screw can be an integral structure or a separate structure, the steps are threadedly connected with each other, a positioning segment for guaranteeing the concentricity of external diameters of two adjacent screws is designed, the combination of axial seal and end face seal is adopted for guaranteeing the sealing; screw heads are threadedly connected with a screw body at the metering section, and the screw body at the metering section is provided with a larger water channel. According to the invention, the different-diameter extrusion screw is adopted, the maximum production capacity of the first step cold feed screw using forced cold feed is released handily, the production efficiency of the cold feed vented extruder can be greatly raised, and the unit energy consumption can be reduced.