The invention provides a single-state semi-quantum key distribution system and method.The system comprises a sending end and a receiving end, the sending end comprises a signal light unit, a light transmission unit, a phase modulator unit and a detector unit, and the signal light unit, the light transmission unit and the phase modulator unit are sequentially connected; the detector unit is connected with the phase modulator unit and the light transmission unit, and the phase modulator unit is a non-equal-arm interferometer; the receiving end comprises an intensity modulator unit, the intensity modulator unit is connected with the phase modulator unit, and the intensity modulator unit is an interference loop; and the interference loop is used for loading voltage to the received optical pulse group sent by the non-equal-arm interferometer to obtain a processed optical pulse group, and sending the processed optical pulse group to the non-equal-arm interferometer. According to the system and the method, a selective modulation mode is adopted to realize a single-state semi-quantum key distribution protocol, the problem of unreasonable design of an existing system is solved, and the system and the method have extremely high safety and practical application feasibility.