The invention relates to a seismic phase and frequency correction method based on complex seismic trace decomposition and reconstruction. The method includes the following steps that first, according to an effective frequency band range recorded in known earthquakes, a subwave base traversing the effective frequency band range and a non-stationary convolution model are established; second, the subwave base is converted into complex numbers through Hilbert conversion, and a complex subwave base is established; third, the non-stationary convolution model is changed into the complex number form through the complex subwave base, complex reflection coefficients (please see the formula in the specification) are resolved through linear operation and sparse inversion constrained by L1 norm, the complex reflection coefficients (please see the formula in the specification) are substituted into the non-stationary convolution model in the complex number form, the real number part of the complex reflection coefficients is obtained, reconstruction on the seismic section is achieved, and according to the frequency of the seismic subwaves in the complex subwave base changed before reconstruction and obtained phase information in the complex reflection coefficients, frequency correction, phase correction and synchronous correction of frequency and phases on the original earthquake records are achieved. The method can be widely applied in the oil exploration process.