The invention relates to a surface microstructure silicon cantilever enhancement type optical-thermal spectrum trace gas detection method and device. The device comprises a tunable laser, a reflective object, a surface microstructure silicon cantilever, a concave mirror, an optical fiber, an optical fiber coupler, a continuous laser, a laser controller, an optical detector, a signal processing system and the like. Modulated light emitted from the tunable laser is reflected on the concave mirror by the reflective object after passing through the gas to be detected, the received reflective light on the concave mirror is focused on a silicon surface of the cantilever beam. After the optical energy is absorbed by the cantilever beam, the optical-thermal deflection occurs to generate resonance. If the gas concentration is higher, the optical intensity absorbed by the gas is larger, and if the optical energy absorbed by the cantilever beam is smaller and the resonance amplitude is smaller. A length adjustable Fabry-Perot cavity is formed by an optical fiber end surface and a metal surface of the cantilever beam, the amplitude of the cantilever beam is demodulated to obtain gas absorption spectrum, furthermore the concentration of the detected trace gas is obtained. The device has the advantages of cheap price, small size, simple structure, convenience in use, strong flexibility, high detection sensitivity, and field work capacity and can be widely used in remotely detecting the components and concentration of a variety of or multi-component trace gas.