The invention provides a climate adaptability transparent water storage enclosing structure for a low-energy-consumption building and an operation method and relates to the technical field of building energy saving and building enclosing structures. According to the transparent water storage enclosing structure for the low-energy-consumption building, the problems that as for an current building with a plurality of transparent enclosing structures, the comfort in summer and winter is poor, and energy consumption is high are solved. The transparent water storage enclosing structure for the low-energy-consumption building comprises transparent water storage modules, supporting connecting frames of the transparent water storage modules, an adjustable shading device, a water system pipeline, an outer layer transparent enclosing structure and an automatic control system, wherein the adjustable shading device and the water system pipeline are arranged on the outdoor sides, and the outer layer transparent enclosing structure and the automatic control system can be additionally arranged. The climate adaptability transparent water storage enclosing structure is mainly characterized in that the transparent water storage modules are used for water filling, and thus the thermal inertia and thermal storage property of the enclosing structure are strengthened; a flow resisting layer is used for restraining convection to enhance the thermotechnical efficiency of the transparent water storage modules; meanwhile, relying on simple adjustment of the adjustable shading device in summer and winter, when stored water is overheated in summer, the water is discharged and heat is dissipated, and in the extreme low temperature in winter, the water is discharged to form an air layer for heat preservation; and through reusing of returned water generated by gravity self-flowing and natural daylighting, the indoor thermal comfort is kept, and building energy consumption is reduced.