The invention relates to a method for synthesizing multi-element sustained-release compound fertilizer by using magnesium in seawater or bittern water. The multi-element sustained-release compound fertilizer is synthesized by adopting magnesium in seawater or bittern water as a raw material and adding elements such as phosphorus, potassium and the like. The method comprises the steps: inducting reaction, diluting and adjusting the pH, standing precipitating, carrying out the solid-liquid separation, cleaning with clean water and drying. The magnesium ion is recovered by generating the multi-element sustained-release compound fertilizer with lower solubility product, and the recovery rate of the magnesium is higher; and since the magnesium raw material is from the seawater or bittern water,the raw material cost is low, and the economic benefit is good; when the magnesium ion in the seawater or bittern water is recovered, other divalent (including ions higher than divalent) ions can bepartially or completely precipitated, a substance base for forming water scales can be basically eliminated in supernatant formed after the precipitates are separated, so that convenience can be provided for the subsequent treatment; and the separated multi-element sustained-release compound fertilizer contains elements such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, so that the problem that the potassium ion sustained-release effect is poor can be solved.