The invention discloses a mineral component identification method based on a standard mineral color database. The mineral component identification method based on the standard mineral color database includes steps that 1, acquiring soil sample; 2, face scanning, to be specific, using a scanning electron microscope with energy spectrum analysis to obtain an electron microscope scanning image of a scanning face to be identified; 3, face distribution scanning for chemical elements, to be specific, using a scanning electron microscope with energy spectrum analysis to acquire a face distribution image of the chemical elements on the scanning face to be identified; 4, image transferring; 5, mineral component identification based on image treatment, to be specific, 501, face distribution image coloring; 502, image stacking; 503, mineral component identification, to be specific, combining with a pre-built standard mineral color database to identify the mineral types of one or more mineral particles to be identified on the scanning face to be identified. The mineral component identification method based on the standard mineral color database is simple, reasonable in design, convenient to realize, good in use effect and capable of easily, conveniently, quickly and precisely identifying the mineral components of the soil.