The atomic lock cylinder structure comprises a shell, a lock cylinder body is connected in the shell in a sleeved mode, a plurality of second mounting holes are formed in the lock cylinder body, marbles are slidably connected in the second mounting holes, first springs are connected in the second mounting holes in a sleeved mode, one ends of the first springs are arranged in the second mounting holes, and the other ends of the first springs are arranged on the marbles. A mounting seat is clamped and fixed to the lock cylinder body, a clamping block is slidably connected to the mounting seat, a first clamping groove is formed in the position, corresponding to the clamping block, of the interior of the shell, a groove is formed in the position, corresponding to the clamping block, of the lock cylinder body, the groove is connected into the second mounting hole in a communicating mode, a fixing rod is fixedly connected to the clamping block, and a second spring is connected to the fixing rod in a sleeving mode; the key can be directly pulled out after unlocking, the key does not need to be hung on the lock cylinder all the time, the lock body does not need to be taken away along with people, a user can leave the lock body on a locked object and only needs to carry the key, the operation process is greatly simplified, and the use experience of the user is improved.