Alkali metal-sulfur batteries having high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities
An alkali metal and sulfur battery technology, applied in lithium batteries, battery electrodes, secondary batteries, etc., can solve problems such as low conductivity, electrical contact loss, ion transmission loss, etc.
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example 1
[0164] Example 1: Illustrative example of conductive porous layer (foamed current collector)
[0165] Different types of metal foams and fine metal meshes / wire meshes are commercially available; eg Ni foams, Cu foams, Al foams, Ti foams, Ni grids / nets, stainless steel fiber meshes, etc. These conductive foam structures were used as anode or cathode conductive porous layers (foam current collectors) in the present study. In addition, metal-coated polymer foams and carbon foams are also used as current collectors, as shown in Fig. 3(A), Fig. 3(B), Fig. 3(C) and Fig. 3(D).
example 2
[0166] Example 2: Ni foam and CVD graphene foam based current collector (conductive porous layer) on Ni foam template
[0167] The procedure used to produce CVD graphene foam was adapted from published literature: Chen, Z et al. "Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapor deposition [Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapor deposition ]” The procedure disclosed in Nature Materials, 10, 424-428 (2011). Nickel foam (a porous structure with interconnected 3D nickel scaffolds) was chosen as a template for graphene foam growth. Briefly, by decomposing CH at 1,000 °C at ambient pressure 4 Carbon was introduced into the nickel foam, and a graphene film was then deposited on the surface of the nickel foam. Ripples and wrinkles are formed on the graphene film due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between nickel and graphene. Four types of foams fabricate...
example 3
[0169] Example 3: Graphite foam-based current collectors from pitch-based carbon foams
[0170] Pitch powder, granules or pellets are placed in an aluminum mold having the desired final foam shape. Mitsubishi ARA-24 mesophase pitch was used. The sample was evacuated to less than 1 Torr and then heated to a temperature of about 300°C. At this point, the vacuum was released to the nitrogen blanket and a pressure of up to 1,000 psi was then applied. The temperature of the system was then raised to 800°C. This was done at a rate of 2°C / min. The temperature was maintained for at least 15 minutes to achieve soaking and then the furnace was powered off and cooled to room temperature at a rate of approximately 1.5°C / minute, releasing the pressure at a rate of approximately 2 psi / min. The final foam temperatures were 630°C and 800°C. During the cooling cycle, the pressure is gradually released to atmospheric conditions. The foam was then heat-treated to 1050° C. under a nitrogen ...
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