Cryopreservation of human red blood cells

Abstract

A red blood cell storage composition includes a composition of red blood cells and biochemistry altering reagents, the biochemistry altering reagents being present at a concentration so as to reduce the percent hemolysis of the red blood cells during the freeze-thaw cycle below that of the percent hemolysis of the red blood cells in the absence the biochemistry altering reagents. The red blood cell storage composition preferably includes reagents selected from: modifiers of glycolytic / metabolic components, modifiers of antioxidant potential, effectors of intracellular ionic distribution, modifiers of membrane fluidity, modifiers of cytoskeletal structure, effectors of the cyclooxygenase second messenger pathway, effectors of the lipoxygenase second messenger pathway, effectors of the hexose monophosphate second messenger pathway, effectors of the phosphorylation second messenger pathway, modifiers of specific messenger molecules, and combinations thereof.

Description

[0001] Priority of provisional application Ser. No. 60 / 086,836 Filed: May 26, 1998 is claimed. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Blood is composed of plasma and cellular constituents and plays a prominent role in several key physiological systems of the human body, including immunology, hemostasis, and tissue oxygenation. Movement of the respiratory gases oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is the chief function of erythrocytes or red blood cells. This facilitated movement Of O2 and CO2 is carried out by hemoglobin, an iron-containing, multi-subunit protein contained within red blood cells. The necessity for encapsulating hemoglobin within the red blood cell is twofold. First, hemoglobin has very specific binding parameters to ensure delivery of these critical molecules to the proper sites. By regulating the concentration of cofactors and free ions, the red blood cell provides the proper environment for optimum uptake and release of O2. Secondly, free heme has toxicity effects on ...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0019] In one embodiment for preserving human red blood cells the method includes drawing a volume of packed red blood cells in ADSOL, a currently licensed additive solution sold by Baxter Travenol, using standard blood banking protocols. The ADSOL is removed by centriftigation, and a volume of preservation solution containing the desired cryoprotectants and any additional biochemical reagents is added. The red blood samples containing cryoprotectants are submerged in liquid nitrogen for freezing and immediately transferred to a −80° C. freezer for extended storage. Biochemical stabilization may be targeted to maintain metabolic components, antioxidant potential, intracellular ionic distribution, membrane fluidity and integrity of cytoskeletal structure. Additionally, specific second messenger pathways, such as the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, hexose monophosphate and phosphorylation pathways, may be manipulated directly by biochemical reagents or indirectly through regulation of specific messenger molecules, including c-AMP, c-GMP, intracellular calcium, inositol triphosphate, and diacylglycerol. In one preferred embodiment the biochemical reagents are present in a concentration so as to prevent the hemolysis of the red blood cells during the freeze / thaw cycle and even more preferably have concentrations of about 500 μM nifefipine, about 20 μM cytochalasin B, about 500 μM Taxol, about 5 mM pentoxifylline, and about 25 μg / ml flurbiprofen. The biochemical reagents are present in 2.5% DMSO as a carrier agent. All conditions contain 7.5% dextran (Dex; 40,000 MW), 2% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP; 40,000 MW), 5% hydroxyethyl starch, and 5% polyethylene glycol. The low, transfusable concentrations of cryoprotectants can work in combination to protect the red blood cells during cryopreservation better than any single cryoprotectant alone. Moreover, the addition of the reagents and the biochemical modulation with the low concentrations of transfusable cryoprotectants works in combination to further protect the red blood cells during cryopreservation. An alternative method is to add the isotonic saline or preservative solution containing the biochemical reagents and a volume of Glycerolyte 57 (Fenwall), preferably about 20% glycerol and freeze the bags at −80° C. The additives used include nicotinamide, nikethamide, nifedipine, pentoxifylline, and flurbiprofen. The 20% glycerol with the addition of the biochemical additives reduces the level of hemolysis and meets the criteria for a transfusable blood unit based on the overall hemolysis and residual free hemoglobin levels.

[0022] Another embodiment is directed to a human red blood cell composition comprising human red blood cells, a composition of red blood cells and biochemical reagents. Reagents can be added to maintain or enhance intracellular concentrations of ATP such as glucose, pyruvate or inorganic phosphate as well as blocking ATP-depleting ATPases such as amiloride inhibition of the Na+ / H+ exchanger. Preventing oxidative damage to the membrane or hemoglobin may be accomplished through the addition of antioxidants such as glutathione, tocopherol, ascorbate and bioflavonoids as well as through the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway by ribose. Ionic distribution can be regulated through activation or inhibition of specific ion pumps. Calcium may be controlled with nifedipine or verapamil while amiloride will effect sodium regulation as mentioned above. Further potassium and chloride ionic distribution may be maintained through inhibition of the K+ / Cl− co-transporter with bumetamide. The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways may be regulated through the addition of flurbiprofen, dipyridamole, or aspirin while phosphorylation events can be manipulated through inhibition by kinase inhibitors such as H7 (1-[5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl]-2-methylpiperazine), staurosporin, or chelerythrine or stimulated by diacylglycerol palmitoyl carnitine. Membrane stabilization and fluidity is controlled through the addition of pentoxifylline, nicotinamide or amantadine and cytoskeletal structure may be maintained through actin stabilization by the use of TAXOL or cytochalasins or spectrin stabilization with polyamines. Specific cyclic nucleotide regulated second messenger pathways may be activated through the use of adenosine (elevates c-AMP) and sodium nitroprusside or other nitric oxide donors (elevates c-GMP). The biochemical reagents are present in a concentration so as to prevent the hemolysis of the red blood cells during the freeze / thaw cycle.

Problems solved by technology

Stabilization with these reagents renders the cells partially resistant to freeze / thaw-induced damages, which ultimately results in hemolysis.