The invention discloses a pretreatment method for enhancing anaerobic sludge digestion by virtue of a compound microorganism bacterium agent. The pretreatment method comprises the following steps: concentrating residual sludge, adding a compound microorganism bacterium agent, performing stirring reaction, inoculating the pretreated residual sludge into an anaerobic digestion pond according to a certain ratio, and performing mesophilic anaerobic digestion on anaerobic sludge, wherein the compound microorganism bacterium agent is prepared by mixed fermentation of 5%-20% of each of bacillus subtilis, streptomyces albus, streptomyces griseus, candida utilis, aspergillus sojae, lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactococcus lactis, rhodopseudomonas palustris, rhodopseudomonas capsulate and rhodopseudomonas spheroides, the total viable count is not less than 2*108/ml, and the pH value of the compound microorganism bacterium agent is 3-4. According to the method, the sludge hydrolysis process can be accelerated, the sludge retention time can be shortened, the biological gas production rate can be increased, and the anaerobic digestion efficiency can be improved.