The invention provides a sleeve shaft type differential locking mechanism. The locking mechanism is arranged on a half shaft in a drive axle and connected with a differential shell, and comprises a spring, a chain wheel, a chain wheel bracket for fixing the chain wheel, a slide block, a piston, a bearing base and a steel sleeve arranged on the outer sides of the parts, which are arranged in the same one axial direction in sequence; and the chain wheel and the piston, the piston and the bearing base, and the piston and the steel sleeve are all coaxial. The locking mechanism adopts a more compact structure to realize a differential locking function, prevents the structure of projecting such devices as a poking fork on the side surface of an output end, reduces the total size of the drive axle, radially positions the piston and the steel sleeve through dowel pins, and prevents the piston from rotating in the working process to cause abnormal wear.