The present disclosure introduces new multi-functional vibrating devices, methods of using the devices, and methods of manufacturing the devices. A multi-functional vibrating device can include one or more actuators, each paired with an
amplifier capable of converting small lateral vibration into large
vertical vibration. The present disclosure also involves interactive
information acquisition technologies and assistive technologies, particularly devices, methods, and systems for tactile
information transfer and acquisition. Some embodiments incorporate multi-functional vibrational devices, methods, and systems to achieve unique structural and operational characteristics—such as high-resolution, robustness, versatility, compactness, and / or rapid refresh rates—for communicating information. Some embodiments can convert information from a format that is less convenient and / or accessible in some cases (e.g., visual or audio) to an intuitive and / or private format (e.g., tactile patterns and motions).