The invention provides a rapid straw planting device and method for desert highway sand prevention, and relates to the field of sand prevention engineering. The rapid straw planting device for deserthighway sand prevention is used for planting straw bodies on sand. The device comprises a sliding rail, a box body, a sliding plate, a connecting rod, a bearing plate, reflective stripes, an inclinedplate and a turning plate. The box body is arranged at the bottom of the sliding rail and inserted into sand, and the sliding plate is in sliding fit with the sliding rail. According to the rapid straw planting device for desert highway sand prevention, through mutual cooperation of the reflective stripes and light beam transceivers, sliding blocks can be moved to the positions between the reflective stripes conveniently, so that the positioning effect is achieved, and the bearing plate can be aligned with straw conveniently. Through mutual cooperation of a motor, fan blades, the inclined plate, the turning plate, the connecting rod and the bearing plate, the straw is vertically erected, and the lower end of the straw is covered with sand. Therefore, the effect of straw planting is achieved. Manual operation is replaced, the labor intensity of workers is reduced, and the planting speed is increased. Lumbar vertebra diseases caused by long-term continuous stooping of the workers are avoided.