The invention discloses a data transmission and parsing method based on a private protocol. The method comprises the following steps: filling protocol data into a first data structure according to a client protocol version to form first data, wherein each entry comprises a data structure of a fixed field part and a variable length structure part; obtaining a second data structure used by the current entry according to the server protocol version, and determining the data structure of the fixed field part and the variable length structure part; determining, by a server, the position of the protocol data according to the data structure of the fixed field part and the variable length structure part in the first and second data structures, and parsing the first data to obtain the protocol data. According to the data transmission and parsing method disclosed by the invention, the data structure of the protocol is expanded through the fixed field part and the variable length structure part,thereby effectively solving the problem of the scalability of the private protocol data structure, and the data transmission and parsing method has the advantages of high efficiency analysis, high effective data rate, easy development and maintenance, etc.