The invention discloses a Mongolian-Chinese machine translation method combining a Meta-KD framework and fine-grained compression. The method comprises the following steps: performing data preprocessing and data set division on Chinese corpora, English corpora and Mongolian corpora, learning Chinese-English translation by using the Meta-KD framework, training a BERT language model, learning a student model under the guidance of a meta-teacher according to a meta-distillation algorithm to obtain transferable knowledge for Mongolian-Chinese translation, and in combination with a fine-grained compression method, performing training verification of the Mongolian-Chinese translation on the student model. According to the method, data set training is performed through the Meta-KD framework, so that the method is more suitable for translation of small languages, and a more accurate translation result is obtained; and the fine-grained compression enables the trained model to have a higher training speed. Then, in combination with the fine-grained compression method, fine-grained compression is performed on information representation through information entropy, so that the purpose of model accelerated inference is achieved.