The invention discloses a positioning device and construction method of a capping beam of a prefabricated bridge, and belongs to the field of construction of the capping beam of the prefabricated bridge. The positioning device mainly consists of truss frames, upper positioning grilles, low positioning grilles, upper positioning bolts, lower positioning bolts and the like, and through the positioning device, the mounting positions of a plurality of anchoring reinforcing bars pre-embedded in the tops of stand columns are guaranteed to be accurate without being influenced by the pouring vibration of the stand columns, so that the accurate positioning is realized; the corresponding construction method of the capping beam of the prefabricated bridge is combined, so that mud jacking pore canals for the capping beam pre-arranged on the capping beam can precisely be corresponding to anchoring reinforcing bars, the stress is reasonable, and the structure is safe; therefore, quick mounting of the capping beam of the prefabricated bridge is realized. The positioning device and the construction method of the capping beam of the prefabricated bridge have the advantages of being simple in structure, convenient to operate, economical and reasonable, high in assembling precision, energy-saving, emission-reduction and the like, can reflect factory, standardized and standard construction, and have notable economic benefits and social benefits.