48 results about "Atmospheric temperature" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of interdiscipline, in particular to a grain depot equipment intelligent operation and maintenance management system based on SAAS, and the system comprises a data collection unit which obtains the atmospheric temperature provided by an external meteorological data interface, and records the preset grain variety physical attributes; the digital twin modeling unit is used for solving a predicted temperature distribution field of the grain pile; the risk quantitative evaluation unit is used for calculating a comprehensive risk state index based on the predicted temperature distribution field and the real-time grain humidity, and judging a risk level according to a preset risk threshold value; the optimization decision-making unit is used for generating an optimal intervention strategy; when the risk level is the security level, maintaining the current intervention strategy; the model self-adaptive correction unit is used for comparing the predicted temperature output by the digital twin modeling unit with the real-time grain temperature acquired by the data acquisition unit and updating a self-adaptive deviation item in the model according to deviation; according to the invention, the reliable foundation of prediction and decision-making of the whole intelligent operation and maintenance management system is ensured.

The invention discloses a method for inverting a cloud condensation nucleus number concentration profile based on a laser radar and a neural network. The method comprises the following steps: collecting multi-wavelength laser radar data including a backscattering coefficient vertical profile, an extinction coefficient vertical profile, a laser radar ratio and a depolarization ratio; the method comprises the following steps: acquiring an atmospheric temperature profile and a water vapor mixing ratio profile which are in time-space synchronization with multi-wavelength laser radar data, performing grid alignment on a vertical height, and constructing a multi-channel input feature set for each preset target supersaturation ratio; and constructing a convolutional neural network profile inversion model, taking the multi-channel input feature set as input and the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration profile data as output, training the model, and obtaining the trained convolutional neural network profile inversion model. According to the method, the limitation of continuous, high-precision and high-temporal-spatial-resolution detection of CCN number concentration vertical distribution is overcome, and key data support is provided for the fields of weather forecast, climate models, artificial influence weather and the like.

This invention discloses a method and system for predicting the structural response of historical buildings under atmospheric temperature fields. The method includes: acquiring atmospheric temperature field information, structural temperature field information, and structural response information over a past period; using the atmospheric temperature field information, structural temperature field information, and structural temperature field information and structural response information as training sets, respectively, to establish and train an atmospheric temperature prediction model for structural temperature and a structural temperature prediction model for structural response based on artificial intelligence algorithms; predicting future structural temperature field information based on future atmospheric temperature field information and historical structural temperature field information using the atmospheric temperature prediction model for structural temperature; and predicting the future structural response information of the historical building structure over a future period based on future structural temperature field information and historical structural response information using the structural temperature prediction model for structural response. This invention improves the accuracy and precision of predicting the structural response of historical buildings as atmospheric temperature changes, and has a wide range of applications.

The invention discloses a miniature automatic weather station and a temperature measurement optimization control method and system. The temperature measurement performance of the miniature weather station is improved through global comprehensive optimization in the aspects of a system structure, circuit layout and a data algorithm. The system structure is improved, the structural design of the double-layer vertical-wall hollow cylindrical radiation-proof cover retains the advantage of compact structure of the miniature automatic weather station, and meanwhile, a conventional horizontal natural ventilation radiation-proof cover in a louver blade overlapping form is changed into the double-layer vertical-wall hollow cylindrical radiation-proof cover; sampling airflow is changed from horizontal natural ventilation airflow to vertical active air exhaust sampling. According to real-time meteorological environment data, a sampling air pump is driven and controlled in a segmented mode to operate, the solar radiation intensity, the atmospheric wind speed and the atmospheric temperature are used as control variables to determine the operation speed and the sampling flow of the sampling air pump, and a working mode, a circulation control variable and a working time sequence are selected. And in the aspect of a data processing algorithm, a multi-source data fusion calibration method is adopted to improve the accuracy of temperature measurement data.

The invention relates to a forest steppe combustible moisture content detection method, and relates to the field of combustible moisture content detection.The forest steppe combustible moisture content detection method comprises the steps that a combustible sample to be detected is weighed and then put into a container, and the container is put into a high-low temperature test box; setting the temperature and humidity of a high-low temperature test box and the wind speed of an airflow generator; acquiring atmospheric humidity, atmospheric temperature and wind speed for recording weather elements; adding quantitative water into the container, and recording the volume of the added water and the hygrometer value of the combustible; dividing the collected data set into a training set, a verification set and a test set; calculating input parameters by using a neural network, and adjusting the input parameters to receive atmospheric temperature, humidity, wind speed and combustible humidity parameters as input; a training set is used for training a model, hyper-parameters of the model are adjusted through a verification set, an optimization algorithm is utilized, network weight is updated, an error between a predicted value and the actual moisture content is minimized, and the problem that the moisture content of the combustible is not accurately measured is solved.

1. The name of the design product: Raman and Mie scattering temperature and humidity aerosol lidar. 2. The use of the design product: for high spatial and temporal resolution vertical distribution measurement of atmospheric temperature, humidity and aerosol. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best shows the design points: perspective view.

The invention discloses a stationary satellite surface emissivity collaborative inversion method based on background field reconstruction, and belongs to the technical field of satellite remote sensing information processing, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a background field of surface temperature and atmospheric temperature space structure collaborative constraint, employing a three-dimensional variational assimilation cost function to assimilate the actually measured surface temperature of a surface meteorological observation station, and calculating the surface emissivity of a stationary satellite. The obtained surface temperature analysis field is used as a surface temperature initial guess field for inverting surface emissivity by a one-bit variation inversion cost function; generating a ground surface emissivity background field by using the ground surface emissivity in the ground surface element historical data set, and constructing a ground surface item background error covariance matrix capable of representing a coupling relationship between the ground surface emissivity and the ground surface temperature based on the ground surface element historical data set so as to construct a one-dimensional variation inversion cost function; and the inversion of the surface emissivity can be realized by combining the satellite observation brightness temperature of the clear sky observation pixel observed by the infrared window area channel of the stationary orbit radiation imager, so that the inversion level of the surface emissivity is improved.

The invention discloses a shipborne marine atmospheric boundary layer refractive index profile detection system and method, and relates to the technical field of marine atmospheric environment monitoring and electromagnetic wave propagation safeguard.The method comprises the steps that sea-air downlink infrared radiation spectrum data and sea surface air temperature, relative humidity and air pressure data are obtained; constructing a background atmosphere profile by using the reanalysis data, and correcting an initial profile bottom layer by using sea surface observation air temperature, relative humidity and air pressure data to form a prior state vector; constructing an inversion cost function including an observation residual term, a background prior term and a sea surface boundary constraint term, and performing inversion to obtain an atmospheric temperature profile and a relative humidity profile; and calculating an atmospheric refractive index profile according to the temperature profile, the relative humidity profile and the air pressure profile. According to the method, the marine atmospheric refractive index profile can be continuously obtained under the shipborne dynamic observation condition, and reliable data support is provided for marine electromagnetic propagation environment analysis and waveguide diagnosis.

The application discloses an aerosol correction method and system suitable for a hyperspectral resolution laser radar, and relates to the technical field of laser radar detection. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: a first auxiliary detection channel and a second auxiliary detection channel specially added and containing iodine molecular absorption cells are used to filter out aerosol Mie scattering components in specific frequency laser echoes; pure first atmospheric temperature data is obtained based on data inversion of the auxiliary detection channels; atmospheric aerosol backscattering ratios are calculated in combination with reference channel data; the backscattering ratios are used to correct wind speed and temperature inversion models of the laser radar, and then corrected atmospheric wind speed and temperature data are obtained. The application aims to expand the minimum detection height of a hyperspectral resolution Rayleigh temperature and wind measurement laser radar by accurately quantifying and eliminating aerosol interference, and to realize high-precision synchronous measurement of wind speed and temperature in low-altitude and aerosol-rich areas.

The invention relates to a verification method and a verification device for earth atmospheric temperature distribution rule causes, the verification device comprises two sets of same container sets, and each container set comprises a container, a driver, a sensor and an observation window; the container comprises a shell wall, a piston and a sensor mounting hole; the shell wall is rigid; the piston is movably mounted in the shell wall and is sealed with the shell wall side; the sensor mounting hole is formed in the shell wall; the driver is connected with the piston and can drive the piston to move in the shell wall so as to change the volume of the container; the observation window is a transparent part on the shell wall; the sensor is provided with a sensitive part, a mounting part and a signal output part, and the sensitive part extends into the inner cavity of the container; the mounting part is fixed on the shell wall through the sensor mounting hole and is sealed with the shell wall; and the signal output part extends out of the shell wall and is used for detecting the information of the sensor in real time from the outside of the shell wall.

The application provides a kind of atmospheric temperature and humidity profile retrieval method and device based on satellite hyperspectral data, comprising: constructing background temperature and humidity profile using numerical mode historical forecast data, and calculating the background error between it and actual observation;Substitute the background profile into the radiation transfer model to simulate satellite radiation value, and obtain radiation simulation error according to satellite hyperspectral observation;Calculate the nonlinear distance correlation coefficient of each channel radiation simulation error and each pressure layer background temperature and humidity error, and use the first M channels with the highest correlation coefficient as the retrieval preselected channel of the layer;The background error and related data are divided into first and second data sets.Use the first data set, for each pressure layer, use the radial basis function neural network model of 1 to M channel number to establish the relationship between radiation error and background temperature and humidity error;Use the second data set to evaluate the retrieval error under each channel combination, select the optimal channel combination as the standard of minimum error, and thus obtain the final optimized neural network retrieval model.

This invention discloses a marine dual-interface observation buoy, comprising a dual-interface temperature measurement mechanism, including an upper probe at the top of the buoy and a lower probe at the bottom; a dual-interface arrival and lifting mechanism for adjusting the buoy's buoyancy and achieving its raising and lowering; and a bottom-contact protection and seabed detachment mechanism for driving the lower probe to vibrate, allowing it to insert into and detach from the seabed. When the upper probe extends above the sea surface, it detects atmospheric temperature, and the lower probe detects seawater temperature; when the lower probe inserts into the seabed, the upper probe detects seawater temperature, and the lower probe detects seabed mud temperature. The buoy possesses dual-interface arrival capabilities at both the seabed-seawater interface and the seawater-atmosphere interface, enabling observation of heat exchange at these interfaces. It allows for soft landing on the seabed, smooth insertion of the lower probe into the seabed for observation, and reduces seabed mud resistance with low energy consumption, achieving rapid ascent.

A kind of lidar technology for atmospheric waveguide fast measurement, temperature and humidity profile, the key factor of atmospheric waveguide, can be measured simultaneously, the device includes laser emission module: 822nm online seed laser, 822nm offline seed laser, 1064nm pump laser, laser frequency locking module, optical parametric oscillator, acoustooptic modulator, frequency doubling module and emission optical assembly;Echo receiving module: optical receiving telescope and optical lens assembly, F-P filter, polarization light splitting prism, iodine molecular absorption cell, Fizeau interferometer and photodetector;Data acquisition and processing module.The present application fuses differential absorption lidar and two detection systems based on interferometer high spectral lidar, adopts seed injection optical parametric oscillator laser technology, obtains high frequency stability 822nm laser to realize atmospheric humidity profile fast measurement, remaining 532nm laser realizes atmospheric temperature profile fast measurement, finally inverts atmospheric waveguide parameter, realizes atmospheric waveguide efficient and accurate measurement.

The invention discloses a multi-tower-limb steel-concrete combined bridge tower temperature gradient establishing method which comprises the following steps: S1, calculating a solar azimuth angle and a solar elevation angle according to the solar declination, the regional latitude and the hour angle at a bridge site; s2, based on the solar azimuth angle, the solar elevation angle, the bridge trend and the geometric parameters of the tower limbs, radiation areas under the self-shielding state of the tower wall, the mutual shielding state of the tower limbs and the external shielding state are calculated; s3, the atmospheric temperature is calculated according to the meteorological data, and heat conduction calculation is conducted in combination with the tower wall comprehensive temperature; s4, temperature gradient models in the tower wall self-shielding state, the tower limb mutual shielding state and the outside shielding state are established; and S5, based on the temperature gradient model, temperature gradient modes of the steel tower column section, the concrete tower column section, the concrete tower wall and the steel-concrete combined section are established respectively, and the scheme can provide complete technical support for temperature effect analysis and design of the multi-tower-limb steel-concrete combined bridge tower.

The invention discloses an aerosol correction method and system suitable for a high-spectral-resolution laser radar, and relates to the technical field of laser radar detection. The method specifically comprises the following steps: filtering aerosol mie scattering components in specific-frequency laser echoes by using a first auxiliary detection channel and a second auxiliary detection channel which are specially added and comprise iodine molecule absorption cells; obtaining pure first atmospheric temperature data based on data inversion of the auxiliary detection channel; calculating the back scattering ratio of the atmospheric aerosol in combination with the reference channel data; and correcting a wind speed and temperature inversion model of the laser radar by using the backscattering ratio so as to obtain corrected atmospheric wind speed and temperature data. The invention aims to realize high-precision wind speed and temperature synchronous measurement of low altitude and aerosol-enriched areas by accurately quantifying and eliminating aerosol interference and expanding the lowest detection height of the high-spectral-resolution Rayleigh temperature and wind measurement laser radar.

The invention provides an atmospheric temperature and humidity profile inversion method and device based on satellite hyperspectral data, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a background temperature and humidity profile through employing historical forecast data of a numerical mode, and calculating a background error between the background temperature and humidity profile and live observation; substituting the background profile into a radiation transmission model to simulate a satellite radiation value, and obtaining a radiation simulation error according to satellite hyperspectral observation; calculating a nonlinear distance correlation coefficient between the radiation simulation error of each channel and the background temperature and humidity error of each barometric layer, and taking the first M channels with the highest correlation coefficient as inversion preselected channels of the layer; the background error and related data are divided into first and second data sets. Establishing a relation from a radiation error to a background temperature and humidity error by using the first data set and a radial basis function neural network model with 1-M channels for each air pressure layer; and evaluating an inversion error under each channel combination by using the second data set, and selecting an optimal channel combination by taking the minimum error as a standard so as to obtain a final optimized neural network inversion model.

At present, the world is suffering from air pollution due to thermal power generation, sea level rise due to atmospheric temperature rise, land sinking due to rising of the sea level, and public nuisance due to nuclear power generation, such as spent depleted uranium, plutonium, and.gamma.-ray radioactive materials. In order to solve these problems, inexhaustible visible-light wave power generation of sunlight radiation energy and a Huang Daozhou converter are integrated.SOLUTION: The secondary coil of the ecliptic transformer according to the present invention may be connected to a country having a shortage of electric power at night due to the rotation of the earth and a country having a shortage of electric power due to a large amount of power consumption even in the daytime via the shortest conductor on the same longitude to transmit and receive electric power.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention discloses an environment zoning method for freeze-thaw damage of a concrete structure, and belongs to the technical field of durability evaluation of the concrete structure, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining material characteristic data of the concrete structure and historical meteorological data of a corresponding region; wherein the historical meteorological data comprises atmospheric temperature, solar radiation and wind speed; on the basis of a Holt-Winters method, meteorological data in a concrete structure design reference period are obtained according to historical meteorological prediction; dividing the map layout into grid points of 0.25 latitude * 0.25 longitude based on the spatial-temporal resolution of ERA5; randomly selecting any grid point as a target point, calculating to obtain a concrete surface temperature field of a target point daily scale according to the meteorological data, and calculating temperature field change along the depth direction of the concrete structure; obtaining the equivalent freezing and thawing times of the target point concrete structure at different depths according to the temperature field change, and calculating the overall equivalent freezing and thawing times of the daily-scale concrete structure; obtaining the overall equivalent freeze-thaw damage of the target point concrete structure in the design reference period according to the overall equivalent freeze-thaw times of the daily scale; and repeating the steps, and generating an environment zoning map of the freeze-thaw damage of the concrete structure according to the obtained overall equivalent freeze-thaw damage of all the grid points.

This invention discloses a method for simultaneous measurement of atmospheric temperature and pressure based on Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectroscopy, belonging to the field of lidar. The method includes: emitting a laser in the atmospheric environment to be measured and acquiring the scattered echo signal of the laser; fitting the Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum of the scattered echo signal in the atmospheric environment to be measured; extracting the overall linewidth Γ of the Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum; and calculating the number of molecular scattered photons N. s ; will N s Substituting G1 and Γ into the inversion model yields the synchronous measurement results of atmospheric temperature T and pressure p; where G1 represents the atmospheric temperature and the overall linewidth Γ and the number of molecular scattered photons N. s The relationship between pressure and overall linewidth Γ and the number of molecular scattered photons N is expressed as follows: s The relationship between Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering spectra and atmospheric temperature and pressure is fully explored in this invention, establishing a new inversion model that enables accurate and synchronous measurement of atmospheric temperature and pressure.

1. The name of the design product: atmospheric temperature and humidity wind and weather profile composite detection radar. 2. The use of the design product: to achieve temperature, relative humidity, rainfall intensity, rainfall, and other vertical profile detection within the height range of 0-6 km. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: perspective drawing.

The invention relates to the technical field of sandstone uranium ore exploration, and discloses a long-term synchronous soil radon observation uranium ore prospecting device and method based on the Internet of Things. The system is composed of a scintillation method soil radon detector, a diffusion type radon collection cylinder, a radon collection cylinder sealing cover, an atmosphere temperature, humidity and air pressure sensor, a soil temperature and humidity sensor, a portable power supply, a first cable, a second cable, a data transmission antenna, a cloud platform and an upper computer system. Soil radon activity concentration long-term synchronous observation is carried out at a plurality of measuring points in the sandstone type uranium mine exploration area; the method comprises the following steps: acquiring soil radon activity concentration and environmental parameter change information along with time, selecting a stable soil radon activity concentration data segment, deducting a soil radon background level value of a research area, delineating a soil radon abnormal area, and delineating a favorable mineralization area of a deep hidden uranium ore body; the problems that in the prior art, a sandstone type uranium ore prospecting method is limited in detection depth, insufficient in resolution ratio and not obvious in radon activity concentration abnormal characteristic, and consequently the prospecting efficiency and accuracy are not ideal are solved.

This invention discloses a marine dual-interface observation buoy, comprising a dual-interface temperature measurement mechanism, including an upper probe at the top of the buoy and a lower probe at the bottom; a dual-interface arrival and lifting mechanism for adjusting the buoy's buoyancy and achieving its raising and lowering; and a bottom-contact protection and seabed detachment mechanism for driving the lower probe to vibrate, allowing it to insert into and detach from the seabed. When the upper probe extends above the sea surface, it detects atmospheric temperature, and the lower probe detects seawater temperature; when the lower probe inserts into the seabed, the upper probe detects seawater temperature, and the lower probe detects seabed mud temperature. The buoy possesses dual-interface arrival capabilities at both the seabed-seawater interface and the seawater-atmosphere interface, enabling observation of heat exchange at these interfaces. It allows for soft landing on the seabed, smooth insertion of the lower probe into the seabed for observation, and reduces seabed mud resistance with low energy consumption, achieving rapid ascent.

The invention discloses an atmospheric temperature and humidity profile inversion method and system based on foundation infrared hyperspectral radiation. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a predicted value of the nth time step of a temperature profile and a predicted value of the nth time step of a humidity profile from any input hyperspectral radiation vector of the nth time step by using a pre-trained bidirectional long-short-term memory network model; the bidirectional long-short-term memory network model comprises a feature extraction module, a temperature bidirectional long-short-term memory module, a humidity bidirectional long-short-term memory module, a temperature regression module and a humidity regression module, and the temperature regression module carries out regression on the bidirectional hidden state of the temperature sequence to obtain a predicted value of the nth time step of the temperature profile; and carrying out regression on the bidirectional hidden state of the humidity sequence through a humidity regression module to obtain a predicted value of the n-th time step of the humidity profile. The invention aims to improve the efficiency and precision of atmospheric temperature and humidity profile inversion.

This invention discloses a method and system for atmospheric temperature profile inversion based on graph neural networks. The method includes acquiring GIIRS long-wave infrared radiation data, ERA5 temperature profile data, and radiosonde station observation data, and performing preprocessing to obtain GIIRS brightness temperature data, preprocessed ERA5 temperature profile data, and preprocessed radiosonde station observation data, respectively. A spatial graph inversion network is constructed, and the GIIRS brightness temperature data and its coordinates are input into the spatial graph inversion network to obtain deep features including location context information. A graph structure is constructed based on the deep features and K-NN. Based on the deep features and the edges of the graph structure, depth features and an adjacency matrix are obtained. The adjacency matrix and depth features are jointly input into a feature aggregator to obtain the atmospheric temperature profile. This invention fully utilizes the spatial information of the data, giving it a significant advantage in atmospheric temperature profile inversion tasks.

A temperature measurement system includes a multimode fiber optic cable having a first end and a second end. A fixture positions the first end in non-contact proximity to a refractory-material object configured to experience temperatures in a temperature range from ambient atmospheric temperature to approximately 3300° K. The radiant energy emanating from the object is collected at the fiber optic cable's first end and is transmitted to its second end. An optical detector, coupled to the second end of the fiber optic cable, converts the radiant energy to a first electrical signal having an amplitude spanning multiple orders of magnitude. A logarithmic converter coupled to the optical detector compresses the first electrical signal to generate a second electrical signal having an amplitude spanning a single order of magnitude.

The application discloses a static satellite ground surface emissivity cooperative inversion method based on background field reconstruction and belongs to the technical field of satellite remote sensing information processing, which comprises the following steps: constructing a background field of spatial structure cooperation constraint of ground surface temperature and atmospheric temperature, adopting a three-dimensional variation assimilation cost function to assimilate the measured ground surface temperature of a ground meteorological observation station, obtaining a ground surface temperature analysis field as a ground surface temperature initial guess field of a one-dimensional variation inversion cost function to invert the ground surface emissivity; generating a ground surface emissivity background field from the ground surface emissivity in a ground surface element historical data set, constructing a ground surface item background error covariance matrix capable of representing the coupling relationship between the ground surface emissivity and the ground surface temperature based on the ground surface element historical data set, and further constructing a one-dimensional variation inversion cost function; and combining the satellite observation brightness temperature of a clear sky observation pixel observed by an infrared window channel of a geostationary orbit radiometer, so that the inversion of the ground surface emissivity can be realized, and thus the ground surface emissivity inversion level is improved.

Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for controlling the temperature of seawater used for a ship exterior washing device, wherein seawater is introduced, the introduced seawater undergoes heat exchange, the atmospheric temperature is measured on the ship, the introduced seawater and the heat-exchanged seawater are mixed on the basis of the measured atmospheric temperature, and same is applied to the hull of the ship through the ship exterior washing device.

The application discloses a raindrop particle diameter inversion method based on Doppler velocity spectrum and a light rain radar system, and particularly relates to the field of radar detection technology, and is used for solving the systematic deviation problem caused by environmental disturbance and phase state difference when the existing radar system inverts raindrop particle diameter; the Doppler velocity spectrum is obtained through vertical detection of a frequency-modulated continuous wave radar, the initial raindrop particle diameter distribution is obtained through inversion based on the physical relationship between the terminal falling speed of raindrops and the diameter, the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles measured by a ground-based microwave radiometer and the cloud vertical structure information measured by a laser radar are synchronously obtained, the physical mutation point of the initial raindrop particle diameter distribution on the vertical profile is diagnosed based on the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles and the cloud vertical structure information, the constraint weight of the corresponding auxiliary data is inhibited at the height layer where the physical mutation point is located, and the adjacent height layer information is mainly used for fusion correction to obtain the corrected raindrop particle diameter distribution, and finally the corrected raindrop particle diameter distribution is output, so that the inversion precision is improved.

The application relates to a fast atmospheric temperature and humidity inversion method and system based on a neural network substitute model, which comprises the following steps: generating a training data set; constructing a deep neural network, training the deep neural network based on the training data set, and obtaining a trained neural network; replacing a forward radiation transmission model in a physical model-based iterative inversion method with the trained neural network to obtain an improved iterative inversion method; and inverting atmospheric temperature and humidity by using the improved iterative inversion method to obtain an atmospheric temperature and humidity profile. Without changing a physical inversion mathematical framework, the application uses a neural network technology to construct a high-precision and high-efficiency forward radiation transmission substitute model, embeds the substitute model in a traditional iterative inversion process, realizes order-of-magnitude improvement of inversion speed, and ensures physical rationality and precision of an inversion result.