The invention provides a foundation-based atmosphere profile microwave detector. The detector is characterized by comprising an antenna feeder unit, a radiometer receiving unit and a scanning mechanism unit, wherein the antenna feeder unit comprises two independent antenna feeder sub-units for two wavebands and is provided with two-frequency independent reflective surfaces; the two independent antenna reflective surfaces are arranged at two ends of the output shaft of a scanning motor respectively, can realize beam scanning through motor rotation, and are used for receiving microwave radiation of atmosphere and an internal calibration reference source; the radiometer receiving unit comprises a directional coupler, a radio amplifier, a power divider, a band pass filter, a square law detector, an integrator and a video amplifier, and is used for realizing intermediate frequency detection of a received signal; the scanning mechanism unit comprises a scanning shaft, a scanning step motor, two front ends and a sub-miniature type A (SMA) connector; and driven by the scanning motor, the scanning shaft drives the two reflective surfaces to circumferentially scan so as to realize observation on sky in different incident angles and measurement on an internal calibration blackbody and acquire data which is acquired in a measurement and periodic internal calibration unit.