3438 results about "Meteorology" patented technology

The invention discloses a ground daily rainfall predicting method based on satellite remote sensing and regression Kriging. The method comprises the steps that firstly, data are fast obtained through satellite remote sensing, and a regression relation among ground-based observation values, TRMM, DEMs and geographic positions of rainfall capacities of all levels is established according to the classification of the rainfall to obtain regression estimated values and regression residual errors of all levels; secondly, the spatial agglomeration degrees of the regression residual errors of all levels are analyzed, the trend removing is carried out on the regression residual errors, and the Kriging interpolation of the regression residual errors is carried out to obtain the regression residual error spatial distribution characteristics of all levels per 1 km; thirdly, the regression estimated values of all levels and the regression residual errors of all levels are added to obtain the ground-based predicting values of rainfall of all levels per 1 km; lastly, the ground-based predicting values of the rainfall of all levels are merged to obtain a daily rainfall predicting value per 1 km. According to the ground daily rainfall predicting method, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the ground-based rainfall can be accurately predicted, the predicting precision of the ground daily rainfall is improved, the predicted space resolution is improved, and the key problem that the water conservancy department predicts the ground rainfall is solved.

A system and method are provided for calculating Mach number and true airspeed without reference to data from a pitot static sensor. The true airspeed and Mach number are calculated using the altitude information from GPS, IRS, Radio Altimeter and other onboard sensors other than the air data computer (ADC). The computed true airspeed or Mach number could be used to confirm the ADC information or in lieu of the ADC information when the ADC information is unreliable or unavailable.

The invention discloses a double-linear polarization Doppler weather radar system which comprises an outdoor part and an indoor part. The outdoor part comprises an antenna servo subsystem, a transmitting subsystem, a receiving subsystem, a monitoring calibration subsystem and a power distribution subsystem. The indoor part comprises a signal processing terminal and a user subsystem. According to the double-linear polarization Doppler weather radar system, the ingenious signal link design is adopted, the equipment quantity is reduced, and the reliability of the system is improved; a multi-channel signal processing mode is used, simultaneous measurement of all parameters of a double-linear Doppler weather radar is achieved, and the timeliness of detection data is improved; a signal processing technology based on a GPU is utilized, and the processing capacity of double-linear signals is enhanced; a unique two-channel full-path transmitting-receiving calibration technology is used, two-channel transmitting-receiving system errors of the radar system are reduced, and an effective guarantee is provided for improving the quality of the detection data.

The invention discloses a non-horizontalization free established station for a total station and a project measurement method of the non-horizontalization free established station. The invention belongs to the technical field of project measurement. The non-horizontalization free established station for the total station and the project measurement method are characterized in that (1) the total station is in a non-horizontal working gesture; the total station is operated to measure a slope distance, a horizontal angle and a zenith distance of at least thee geodetic datums; (2), according to the obtained measurement information of geodetic datums, a three-dimensional geodetic coordinate and gesture information of a total station point are obtained by using the method of non-horizontalization free established station for the total station; (3) the total station measures a point to be tested by the non-horizontal working gesture, and obtains the three-dimensional geodetic coordinate of the point to be tested through the measurement method of a non-horizontalization project of the total station. The invention solves technical problems of establishing a station, lofting and measuring only after flattening the total station in advance during project measurement, realizes the non-horizontalization free established station for the total station and project measurement of the non-horizontalization free established station; operation is simple; efficiency of field lofting and measuring works can be obviously improved.

The invention provides an indoor locating method based on geomagnetic information. The method comprises the steps of determining an initial position area of a user in a room, and distributing a plurality of particles in the area; moving all the particles based on the movement direction and the step length of the user, and updating the coordinates of all the particles; calculating the degree of similarity between the movement of the particles and the movement of the user according to the geomagnetic information before and after the movement of the user and the particles, and updating the weights of the particles based on the degree of similarity. According to the method, the movement of the user is tracked by moving the particles, the weights of the particles can be updated according to map information and the geomagnetic information, and the real-time position of the user can be estimated by carrying out weighted summation on the coordinates of all the particles, so that the user in the room can be located with high accuracy, and the deployment cost is saved.

The invention relates to a meteorological radar system based on continuous wave system and a control method, wherein the system comprises an emission extension which is used to receive a linear frequency modulation continuous wave signal from an extension and obtain a continuous wave emission signal after amplification processing, and output the signal to an emission antenna module; a reception extension which is used to output the linear frequency modulation continuous wave signal to the emission, receive a meteorological echo signal from an antenna module, and output the signal to a digital processing extension after frequency conversion amplification processing; an emission antenna module, which is used to emit the continuous wave emission signal; a reception antenna module, which is used to receive the meteorological echo signal; and a digital processing extension, which is used to receive the signal from the extension and process it to obtain the meteorological data information and perform instruction control to the radar system state at the same time. According to the continuous wave system, the emission signal employs continuous wave signal, which has a higher distance resolution compared to a pulse system radar, therefore the meteorological radar system is especially suitable for refined meteorological detection.

In order to solve the problem that the wind power accessing is limited due to difficult peak regulation of a power grid, the invention establishes a benefit evaluation system applied to an energy storage system at the side of a wind power plant and provides an energy storage system configuration method for improving the utilization level of wind energy of the wind power plant. The energy storage system configuration method is characterized by comprising the following contents of: calculation of the discarded wind power quantity of the wind power plant, the action mechanism that the energy storage system is utilized to reduce the discarded wind power quantity of the wind power plant, benefit calculation of the energy storage system and optimized configuration of the energy storage capacity of maximum total income of the energy storage system and the like. The energy storage system configuration method provided by the invention has the advantages that the factors such as the fluctuation characteristic of wind power output, the access capability of the power grid to the wind power, the investment cost of the energy storage system and the economic benefit are comprehensively considered, the maximization of the comprehensive benefit of the energy storage system is adopted as the target, and an effective means is provided for improving the containing capability of the power grid for the wind power plant.

The invention provides an ICP point cloud map fusion method, system and device based on multi-unmanned aerial vehicle cooperation and a storage medium. The ICP point cloud map fusion method comprisesthe following steps: an extraction step: extracting key points from two data sets according to the same key point selection standard, the two data sets being two point cloud maps with overlapping regions and being respectively marked as a point cloud P and a point cloud Q, the point cloud P being a target point cloud, and the point cloud Q being a reference point cloud; in the calculation step, calculating feature descriptors of all the selected key points respectively; a processing step: combining the coordinate positions of the feature descriptors in the two data sets, taking the similarityof the features and the positions between the feature descriptors as the basis to estimate the corresponding relationship between the feature descriptors and the data sets, and estimating corresponding point pairs; and a registration step: estimating rigid body transformation by using the corresponding relationship, and performing complete registration. The method has the advantages that the convergence speed of the ICP algorithm can be increased while high precision is achieved, and a very good technical effect is achieved.

A method for generating a solar power output forecast for a solar power plant, comprising: using a processor, in a training mode, generating a trained artificial intelligence model using historical output data and historical input data including historical physical subsystem input data and historical physical subsystem forecasts for the solar power plant; in a runtime mode, for a predetermined forecast horizon, applying the trained artificial intelligence model to current input data including current physical subsystem input data and current physical subsystem forecasts for the solar power plant to produce the solar power output forecast; and, presenting the solar power output forecast on a display.

The invention discloses a method and device for detecting rain fall through laser. The device comprises a laser light source meeting a certain wavelength and power requirement, a parallel sheet light beam generating system based on a specified generation method, a two-dimensional water particle bidirectional sampling measurement area formed by two parallel sheets perpendicularly intersected in the horizontal direction, a linear array sensor and a rain fall detecting data processing and information feedback system. The device for detecting the rain fall through laser greatly improves the constant and stable property of detecting light and reduces measurement errors caused by light source power fluctuation. A real time humidity/ meteorological parameter sensing critical starting method is adopted. Due to the fact that calibration and correction are conducted before detection, the measurement errors caused by drifting of work points of the system can be reduced to the largest extent, and meanwhile energy consumption of a measurement system is reduced. By means of the device for detecting the rain fall through the laser, the rain fall, raininess and a raindrop spectrum can be accurately and continuously observed and measured in real time. The device for detecting the rain fall through the laser can be applied to the related fields for observing, measuring and forecasting the rain fall including weather, hydrology, high way conditions, airport taking-off and landing and the like.

The invention relates to a surface deformation inversion method based on a time sequence InSAR technology. The surface deformation inversion method comprises the following steps of geocoding and imageregistration, differential interference pair generation, PS point selection, space-time unwrapping and error separation. Specifically, on the basis of an image registration mode, coarse registrationand fine registration are adopted, and the registration precision requirement in a TOPS imaging mode is guaranteed; for an atmospheric delay error, the layered atmosphere and the floating atmosphere are respectively processed by using different algorithms, so that influence of the atmospheric error is weakened to the greatest extent, and the deformation inversion precision is improved; and if GNSSdata is provided, atmospheric delay can be corrected by utilizing the observation data, and meanwhile, joint adjustment is carried out by taking the observation data as a constraint condition in an InSAR observation equation, so that the precision and reliability of a deformation result are ensured, and all-weather, large-area, continuous and high-spatial-resolution surface deformation monitoringis realized.

The invention relates to a road state merging method based on floating car data (FCD) and an earth magnetism detector. The method sequentially comprises the following steps of: using a floating car for detecting floating point data of each road section of a road network, and obtaining sped information of each road section through processing; using the earth magnetism detector for detecting the occupied rate data of each road section detection point of the road network, and obtaining the density information of each road section through processing; and receiving the data transmitted back by thefloating car and the earth magnetism detector in real time by a background server, obtaining a speed-density regression relational expression through processing, merging the road section real-time density and the speed information into a data base of the background server, and updating the speed-density regression relational expression in real time. The floating car is used for detecting the roadnetwork car flow speed, the earth magnetism detector is used for detecting the road network vehicle flow density, the background server database converts the homogeneous traffic parameter data for carrying traffic state merging and extraction according to the speed-density regression relational expression attribute of each road section of the road network, and the base data is provided for a traffic information issuing system.

The invention discloses a satellite positioning method based on real-time beacon differential. According to the satellite positioning method based on the real-time beacon differential, in order to solve the problem that ionized layer delay can not be eliminated when a conventional single-frequency beacon positioning method is adopted, the idea that an ionized layer pseudo range eliminating observation value is formed at the base station end by mean of a double-frequency pseudo range observation value is provided; meanwhile, smoothing is conducted on the ionized layer pseudo range eliminating observation value with amplified noise by means of an epoch carrier phase observation value low in noise, a corrected pseudo range value and the rate of change of the corrected pseudo range value along with time are generated according to the known distance between the station and a satellite, coding and sending conducted by means of single-frequency differential data in the prior art are replaced, and the effect of achieving double-frequency positioning by means of the original single-frequency sending technology is achieved. On the user side, a differential correction signal is demodulated through a receiver and is combined with the ionized layer pseudo range eliminating observation value which is received and processed by a user station and is subjected to smoothing for positioning and calculating. By the adoption of the satellite positioning method based on the real-time beacon differential, when the distance between the user station and a differential beacon station reaches 300 km, the planar positioning accuracy can be improved to about 0.15 m from the original 0.65 m.

The invention provides a travelable area acquisition method, a computer readable storage medium and a terminal device. The method comprises the following steps: collecting point cloud data frame by frame through a millimeter wave radar installed on a vehicle; obtaining CFAR points that are relatively stationary with respect to the ground from the point cloud data according to a traveling speed ofthe vehicle and the Doppler speed of each CFAR point in the point cloud data detected by the millimeter wave radar; obtaining an operation state of the vehicle according to the traveling speed of thevehicle and the heading angle information of the vehicle, and translating a grid probability map; projecting all CFAR points that are relatively stationary with respect to the ground in each frame into the grid probability map, and calculating a probability value of each CFAR point in the grid probability map; and taking the CFAR point with the probability value higher than a first preset value asthe point of an obstacle, and taking other areas other than the point of the obstacle as a travelable area. By processing the point cloud data, the obstacle information that is relatively stationarywith respect to the ground is accurately obtained, and the obstacle is displayed on a display screen to obtain the travelable area.

A system and method for processing data related to weather phenomena in a meteorological radar system. The method includes receiving an echo signal generated by transmitting a long pulse and employing a mismatched windowed filter on the echo signal such that the echo signal is compressed in time to achieve fine range resolution without substantially degrading sensitivity and while achieving low range time side lobes for Doppler velocities expected to be measured by the meteorological radar system.

The invention discloses a weather information indicating system for an expressway section, which comprises a weather information receiving and displaying control device (1) and at least one weather information auto-monitoring station (2), wherein the weather information receiving and displaying control device (1) is arranged in an expressway (18) toll station or an expressway administrative office (19); the weather information auto-monitoring station (2) is arranged alongside each expressway section; the weather information receiving and displaying control device (1) transmits data through the mobile communication network and the weather information auto-monitoring station (2). By adopting a modern mobile communication network (GSM/GPRS/CDMA), the weather information indicating system performs remote monitoring and controlling of the weather information of expressway sections and displays the acquired real-time weather information on an outdoor large screen to guarantee traffic safety. Furthermore, the weather information indicating system adopts low power consumption design and has the advantages of economical, simple, safe and reliable operation.

The invention discloses a method for constructing a high-precision three-dimensional point cloud map. The method includes determining a current position and a driving direction of a surveying and mapping vehicle in a high-precision vector map; according to the current position and orientation in the high-precision vector map, rotating and translating current point cloud frames scanned by a laser radar into a coordinate system of the high-precision vector map; according to a current available road region extracted from the high-precision vector map, planning a corresponding available road region in current point cloud data frames and millimeter wave radar data frames; according to speed and positon information of surrounding vehicles collected by a millimeter wave radar, deleting point clouds, which are determined as shielded, in the available road region in the current frames; and screening, splicing and optimizing key frames to acquire the high-precision point cloud map. The method has the advantages that the time for drawing the high-precision three-dimensional point cloud map is shortened, and the manual cost is reduced; the risk of leaking key geographic information is reduced;ground point cloud cavities caused by manual deletion of the point clouds of the vehicles are avoided.

The invention provides an intelligent sponge city flood forecasting method, which belongs to the technical field of city management, and comprises the following steps: constructing a research area plane calculation grid; determining a hydrological hydrodynamic time history continuous calculation time interval between the grids; extracting high spatial resolution grid elevation and land utilization/coverage information; assigning values to the grid precipitation time history data; assigning values to the grid production and confluence parameters; taking the grid elevation, the land utilization/coverage information and the rainfall and runoff production and confluence parameters as a model operation database, integrating a hydrological hydrodynamic theory, and constructing a hydrological hydrodynamic model by using the method; verifying the hydrological hydrodynamic model; and based on the simulation result of the hydrological hydrodynamic model, performing basin runoff production and confluence and flood disaster prediction. According to the method, the urban flood problem can be quickly, intelligently and flexibly dealt with by realizing real-time quick forecasting of rain conditions and water conditions, real-time quick forecasting of urban flood, intelligent regulation and control of a water system and refined management.

The invention discloses a pulse passive bistatic radar target locating method and relates to the technical field of passive radar. The method is a method which provides a conventional pulse radar using circumference mechanical scanning as a non-cooperative irradiation source to carry out target locating for a onboard, a ship-bone and a submarine and other mobile platform The conventional pulse radar using the circumference mechanical scanning is used as the non-cooperative irradiation source, a movable receiving station adopts two universal antenna and two simple-structure receiving channels for processing direct waves and target scattered signals from a non-cooperative launch station, base line distance from the launch station to the receiving station, a target azimuth angle of the launch station and bistatic distance are calculated in real time, distance from the target to the receiving station and a target azimuth angle of the receiving station are solved thorough geometrical relationship of the bistatic station, and therefore the position relative to a receiver is confirmed. According to the pulse passive bistatic radar target locating method, a relative cheap receiving system is used for receiving radiating signals of enemy radar to achieve monitoring of a battle field area of enemy and an enemy scout surveillance system can not discover.

The invention relates to a ventilation wind network system for steel plate warehouses. A plurality of specific pipelines are designed, so that the ventilation wind network system is connected with a fan, and temperature reduction, dampness removal and dust removal can be rapidly performed on food grains in the warehouses, the quality of the food grains in the warehouses is well guaranteed, and the added value of products is increased; besides, conical funnel design is adopted at the bottoms of the steel plate warehouses, and a conveyor is mounted at the bottoms of the steel plate warehouses, so that on one hand, the food grains in the warehouses can be guaranteed to fall down to the bottoms completely, and when the steel plate warehouses are used for being filled with the food grains, the food grains can be completely filled; on the other hand, the food grains are quickly filled and conveyed through the conveyor when the steel plate warehouses are used for being filled with the food grains, so that the filling efficiency is greatly improved, and the ventilation wind network system is time-saving, effortless and labor-saving. The ventilation wind network system for the steel plate warehouses is ingenious in conception, and is especially suitable for large-scale popularization and use.

The invention discloses a multi-band microwave link-combined regional precipitation measurement method. The method includes the following steps that: data acquisition devices are installed on each microwave link transmitting and receiving base station, and the signal level values RSL of the microwave transmitting and receiving ends are collected and transmitted to a central server in real time, and the path attenuation value of each microwave link is obtained through calculation according to point-to-point microwave links; the central server stores the signal level values RSL sent by each base station in the form of FTP files, carries out matching according to the point-to-point microwave links, and establishes a topological structure of multi-band microwave links based on the geographical positions of the microwave link transmitting and receiving base stations; and two-dimensional grids are established according to the topological structure, and links in each grid are marked. The method has the advantages of wide coverage, low hardware costs and the like. With the method adopted, deficiencies of an existing meteorological observation station network in observation resolution and coverage can be made up.

The invention belongs to the technical field of performance and efficiency evaluation of air intelligence fusion systems, and discloses a radar intelligence simulation based air intelligence fusion performance evaluation system and method. The air intelligence fusion performance evaluation system adopted by the method comprises a radar intelligence simulation subsystem and an air intelligence fusion performance evaluation subsystem of a dual-independent subsystem structure, wherein the radar intelligence simulation subsystem is connected with the air intelligence fusion performance evaluation subsystem through a data transmission layer and a local area network to form a parallel network group; the radar intelligence simulation subsystem is connected with an air intelligence fusion system of tested equipment through the Ethernet or an RS232 data transmission line and an RS485 data transmission line; and the air intelligence fusion performance evaluation subsystem is connected with the air intelligence fusion system of the tested equipment through the Ethernet or the RS232 data transmission line and the RS485 data transmission line. According to the air intelligence fusion performance evaluation system and method, scanning characteristics of an actually mounted radar can be simulated, and information including detection precision, blind detection zones, outliers, discovery probability and the like of the radar can be reflected; and moreover, various performance indexes of a multi-sensor air intelligence fusion processing system can be detected.

The invention discloses an error-separation-mode-based regional pseudo-range differential enhanced positioning method of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The method comprises: for regional pseudo-range differential enhanced positioning of a GNSS, n reference stations and a terminal user are employed; a receiver of any reference station r receives observation data of a satellite s, and after processing, an error vector correction number of the satellite s on the reference station r is obtained; each reference station sends the obtained error vector correction number of the satellite s to the terminal user, distance weighted mean processing is carried out on a frequency relevant item error correction number of each reference station according to a base line distance between the reference station and the terminal user, and then the processed number adds to a frequency non-relevant item error correction number of one reference number to obtain a total error correction number; and then a pseudo-range measurement value adds to the total error correction number to obtain a corrected user pseudo range and then calculation is carried out according to a standard pseudo-range single-point positioning way so as to obtain a user position after error correction. With the method, the positioning performance of the single-frequency satellite navigation can be improved.

The invention discloses a stratus cloud and convective cloud automatic recognition method based on Doppler radar data. The method includes that actually-measured Doppler radar data of a measured point are interpolated in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system, layering is performed according to vertical direction height and vertical grid interval, echo strength and horizontal wind field of each height layer are inverted, and corresponding horizontal divergence is calculated; simultaneously three related characteristic parameters are extracted and calculated; divergence characteristic parameters are calculated and extracted through horizontal gradient inversion wind information with maximum echo strength Zmax, vertical liquid water content VIL and maximum echo strength, membership functions are established, membership degree of each characteristic parameter is calculated, finally Pc and Ps are obtained through summation of membership degrees of the different characteristic parameters corresponding to upper layer could and convective cloud of each horizontal grid point, and when the Pc> the Ps, the measured point is determined to be the convective cloud, otherwise the tested point is stratus cloud.

The invention relates to a digital nuclear facility environmental radiation monitoring system. The digital nuclear facility environmental radiation monitoring system comprises a control device and field measuring devices. The control device comprises a central station. The field measuring devices include an environmental medium sampler, a meteorological sensor and a radiation detector. The radiation detector is a digital NaI (TI) spectrometer internally provided with a high-range dosage rate detector. The environmental medium sampler, the meteorological sensor and the digital NaI (TI) spectrometer are connected with a local industrial computer, measuring signals and sampling signals are transmitted to the local industrial computer which is connected with the central station in a wired communication mode and in a wireless communication mode, and the central station remotely monitors the working state of all the field measuring devices. According to the system, nuclide recognition can be carried out while a radiation dose rate gamma is given, communication is reliable, the bandwidth is high, interference is not likely to happen, and the data acquiring rate of the system can be guaranteed.

The invention relates to a refined single image rain removing method based on a generative adversarial network. Inputting the rain image into a rain streak estimation network; obtaining an estimated rain streak graph; connecting with an input image to form a multi-channel image; the rain-free image generated by the generation model is input into the discriminator for judgment, the generator is optimized according to a judgment result, a generator network with high rain removal capability is finally obtained, the output of the generation model serves as the input of the image refinement network, the image is further processed, and a final rain-free image is obtained. The algorithm provided by the invention is an end-to-end algorithm, and any additional preprocessing and post-processing arenot needed. Compared with other work of using a generative adversarial network to carry out a single image area, two auxiliary networks are provided, and the image rain removal effect can be further improved while the calculated amount is not significantly increased.

The invention relates to the field of fire rescue, and discloses a fire detection rescuing method and system based on a millimeter-wave radar technology. The method provides a personnel statistics method based on the millimeter-wave radar, a human body target vital sign detection method, a millimeter-wave radar detection technology, a computer storage medium, a smoke detector and a fire rescue system thereof. Through a smoke alarm system awakening end control center, early warning information is sent to a background data center, or a terminal control center is awakened in fixed time, a millimeter microwave signal controls to be emitted through a millimeter microwave signal emission module, then, a reflection echo signal is obtained, the human body target amount and trajectory of a millimeter microwave coverage area can be determined according to echo information, the corresponding data of each human body target is transmitted to the background data center, so that the position and thevital sign of a rescue target can be accurately positioned when fire occurs, a quick and accurate rescue scheme is provided for rescue, life loss is reduced, and the danger coefficient of rescue is lowered.

The invention provides a search method and equipment for firefighters in distress based on relative positioning, which solves the problem of target positioning in the rescue of firefighters in distress. Between any two relative positioning devices provided in the method, the height difference, relative orientation and relative distance between the devices can be measured. Every firefighter entering a fire wears a relative positioning device. The rescuers find the firefighters in distress by using the relative altitude difference, relative orientation and relative distance measured between the relative positioning equipment worn by themselves and the relative positioning equipment worn by the firefighters in distress.

The invention discloses a method for quantitatively forecasting extreme rainfall. The method comprises the following steps that: I, an input module (100) reads raw data of a hydrometric station from a database or an Excel file, performing abnormal detection and washing on the read data, and preprocessing the data to obtain standardized hydrometric time sequence data; II, a modeling module (200) constructs a model consisting of a first forecasting model (210), a second forecasting model (220) and a combined BP neural network (230) according to the hydrometric time sequence data in the input module (100); III, a correction module (300) performs parameter adjustment on the forecasting models constructed in the modeling module (200) according to the quality of the forecast data in the step II; and IV, an output module (400) stores an extreme rainfall forecast value in the next year into the database or the file, so that a user can check and analyze the data. By the method, a yearly average extreme rainfall amount can be modeled and forecast from a data excavation angle; and the method is high in applicability and relatively high in accuracy.

Methods and systems for generating a neural network (NN)-based climate forecasting model are disclosed. The methods and systems perform steps of generating a multi-model ensemble of global climate simulation data by combining simulation data from at least two global climate simulation models; pre-processing the multi-model ensemble of global climate simulation data, where the pre-processing comprises at least one action of spatial re-gridding, temporal homogenization, and data augmentation; training the NN-based climate forecasting model on the pre-processed multi-model ensemble of global climate simulation data; and validating the NN-based climate forecasting model using observational historical climate data. Embodiments of the present invention enable accurate climate forecasting without the need to run new dynamical global climate simulations on supercomputers. Also disclosed are benefits of the new methods, and alternative embodiments of implementation.