The invention discloses an autonomous navigation type surface water quality sampling and real-time monitoring water level robot. The autonomous navigation type surface water quality sampling and real-time monitoring water level robot comprises a ship body, a power system, a master control system, a navigation system, a communication system, a sampling monitoring system and a propelling system, wherein the power system, the master control system, the navigation system, the communication system, the sampling monitoring system and the propelling system are arranged on the ship body; the navigation system comprises an electronic compass, a GPS (global positioning system), an ultrasonic obstacle-avoiding sensor and a camera, and the navigation system is connected with the master control system; and the sampling monitoring system comprises a water sampling swing rod which is arranged on a steering engine, the water sampling swing rod controls the water sampling depth and is connected with one end of a water sampling pipeline, the other end of the water sampling pipeline is shunted into all sampling bottles from a peristaltic pump to a pinch valve, all sampling bottles are arranged in a heat preservation box, a water quality sensor connected with the master control system is arranged on the water sampling swing rod, and the propulsion mode of the propelling system adopts an externally-mounted double-direct-current motor and a screw propeller. The autonomous navigation type surface water quality sampling and real-time monitoring water level robot has small volume and light weight, can be carried conveniently, can be operated simply, is free of pollution, and can realize sampling monitoring to an area where a person cannot reach.