The invention relates to the field of waste battery treatment, in particular to a lithium battery treatment system and a treatment process. The lithium battery treatment system comprises a shredder, acrusher, a magnetic separator, a pulverizer, an analyzer, a sorting device, a shunt valve, a collector I, a collector II, a collector III, a pulse dust collector I, a pulse dust collector II, a pulsedust collector II, a high-pressure fan I, a high-pressure fan II, a high-pressure fan III, an airflow sorter I, an airflow sorter II, an airflow sorter III, an induced draft fan I and an induced draft fan II, wherein the shredder is sequentially connected with the crusher, the magnetic separator, the pulverizer, the analyzer, the sorting device, the shunt valve, the collector I, the pulse dust collector I and the high-pressure fan II. The treatment system has a reasonable structural design, complete crushing of lithium batteries, high purity of recovered powdery substances, low pollution andhigh efficiency; the treatment process has simple and reasonable steps, low environmental pollution in a treatment process, high recovery rate and strong practicability.