Provided are methods for enhancing hippocampal
plasticity and hippocampal-mediated learning and memory, and / or enhancing the synaptic maturation of neurons, and / or optimizing or enhancing neuronal synaptic transmission, and / or enhancing
intracellular oxygen delivery or utilization, and / or enhancing ATP synthesis, comprising administration, to a subject in need thereof of a sufficient amount over a
sufficient time, of an ionic
aqueous solution of charge-stabilized
oxygen-containing nanostructures (e.g., nanobubbles) having an
average diameter of less than 100 nm (e.g., in at least one
subject group selected from but not limited to normal subjects, subjects recovering from neurological trauma (e.g., accidents or injury to the brain,
stroke,
oxygen deprivation, drowning, and
asphyxia), and subjects with learning disorders (e.g., dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia (sensory integration disorder), dysphasia / aphasia, auditory
processing disorder, non-
verbal learning disorder,
visual processing disorder, and
attention deficit disorder (ADD)).