Methods, apparatus, and kits for enhancing
breathing in patients suffering from chronic pulmonary obstructive
disease are described. The methods and apparatus rely on increasing flow resistance to expiration in a manner which mimics “pursed lip”
breathing which has been found to benefit patients suffering from this
disease. In a first example, a device is implanted in a trachea or bronchial passage to increase flow resistance, preferably selectively increase resistance to expiration relative to inspiration. In a second embodiment, a
mouthpiece is provided, again to increase resistance to expiration, preferably with a lesser increase in flow resistance to inspiration. In a third embodiment, the patient's trachea or bronchial passage is modified by the application of energy in order to partially close the lumen therethrough.