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66 results about "Broadband networks" patented technology

The ideal telecommunication network has the following characteristics: broadband, multi-media, multi-point, multi-rate and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services). The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) was planned to provide these characteristics. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements.

System for identifying service interruptions in cable broadband networks using telemetry-based anomaly detection

A system for detecting service interruptions in a cable broadband network using telemetry-based anomaly detection, wherein the system comprises the following: a telemetry acquisition unit configured to acquire multi-parameter telemetry data from heterogeneous broadband infrastructure elements, including cable modems, amplifiers, optical nodes and cable modem termination systems (CMTS), wherein the telemetry data includes the signal-to-noise ratio, modulation error ratio, forward error correction counter, power levels and latency statistics; a preprocessing and harmonization module that is operationally coupled with the telemetry acquisition unit, wherein the module is configured to normalize heterogeneous telemetry streams by adjusting sampling rates, synchronizing timestamps, interpolating missing data, and filtering out false outliers; an anomaly detection unit that is communicatively connected to the preprocessing and harmonization module, wherein the unit comprises a hybrid detection framework with statistical prediction models and machine learning models, wherein the statistical prediction models include ARIMA or Holt-Winters models to predict the expected telemetry behavior and the machine learning models include recurrent neural networks and autoencoders trained on historical telemetry; an ensemble evaluation subsystem within the anomaly detection unit, configured to combine the outputs of the statistical prediction models and the machine learning models to generate anomaly probability evaluations with adaptive confidence intervals; an interruption classification module configured to receive anomaly probability values ​​and correlate anomalies across multiple devices, geographic clusters, and time windows, wherein the interruption classification module differentiates between transient anomalies and service-impairing interruptions based on a multidimensional correlation; and an alerting interface configured to transmit outage alerts with severity, root cause metadata, and geolocation to a network management system so that the operator can intervene.
Owner:KEMPAIAH MADHURA GAYATHRI BENGALURU +3

Broadband network fault intelligent diagnosis system and method

The invention discloses a broadband network fault intelligent diagnosis system and method, and belongs to the technical field of broadband networks. The system comprises a foreground system, a middle platform system and a background system. The foreground system integrates a plurality of diagnosis function modules, such as network diagnosis, network speed measurement, WiFi analysis and the like, and is used for detecting a user broadband network environment and sending a result to the middle station system. And the middle platform system is responsible for receiving and processing data sent by the foreground system, forming standardized data, distributing the standardized data to the foreground system and the background system, performing real-time analysis, providing preliminary optimization suggestions, performing aggregation analysis and generating a statistical report. And the background system stores data in a centralized manner and provides multi-dimensional retrieval and analysis functions. Under the control of the middle platform system, all the diagnosis function modules of the foreground system can be called in sequence according to a preset process, so that quick collection of key network data is realized. According to the system, the efficiency and the accuracy of broadband network fault diagnosis are improved through efficient cooperation and intelligent analysis of the foreground, the middle platform and the background.
Owner:SHENZHEN TOPWAY VIDEO COMM

Methods and systems of an all purpose broadband network with publish subscribe broker network

A system including a server and a wireless RF access node connected to a communication network is provided. The server provides a first publish-subscribe broker of one or more publish-subscribe brokers forming part of a publish-subscribe broker network. The server connects to the wireless RF access node. A first entity connects via the wireless RF access node to the first publish-subscribe broker using a unicast IP address and thereafter publishes data packets. A second entity connects to the publish-subscribe broker network via any of the one or more publish-subscribe brokers. The server provides packet distribution services via the first publish-subscribe broker for the first entity, the publish-subscribe broker network routes communications from the first entity to the second entity when the second entity is subscribed; and the data packets published by the first entity are routed through the publish-subscribe broker to which the second entity is connected.
Owner:ALL PURPOSE NETWORKS INC

Self-optimizing on-vehicle network

Self-optimization of an ultra-wideband (UWB) network is performed. A configuration of UWB anchors of a vehicle is identified. A state vector is constructed based on the identified configuration, the state vector including values for status and ranging quality indicators for each of the UWB anchors. A next state is predicted based on the state vector using reinforcement learning to optimize UWB coverage, wherein a conditional probability of the next state depends only on the state vector. Unified configuration interface (UCI) commands are sent to the UWB anchors to reconfigure the UWB anchors based on the predicted next state.
Owner:FORD GLOBAL TECH LLC

Communication method and device, storage medium and equipment

The invention discloses a communication method and device, a storage medium and equipment, and relates to the technical field of communication, and the method comprises the steps: in equipment comprising a broadband communication system and a narrowband communication system, when the broadband communication system meets a preset sleep condition, controlling the broadband communication system to enter a sleep state; when the narrowband communication system accords with a predetermined detection condition, switching to a candidate broadband working frequency point of the broadband communication system through the narrowband communication system for signal acquisition to obtain broadband frequency point data; detecting whether a broadband network signal exists on the broadband frequency point data; and if the broadband network signal exists on the broadband frequency point data, waking up the broadband communication system. According to the invention, the broadband communication system in the broadband and narrow converged communication equipment can reliably work as required, and the energy consumption of the broadband and narrow converged communication equipment is reliably reduced.
Owner:SHENZHEN PENGLONGTONG TECH CO LTD

Method and device for detecting abnormal occupation of wideband port, readable storage medium and product

The application discloses a broadband port abnormal occupation detection method and device, a readable storage medium and a computer program product. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring physical characteristic data of each terminal port in a target broadband network, wherein the physical characteristic data comprises a port name and a port occupation state; determining an occupied terminal port in the target broadband network and whether the occupied terminal port is associated with a broadband user based on the physical characteristic data; and if the target occupied terminal port is not associated with a broadband user, determining that the target occupied terminal port is a physical state abnormal occupation port.
Owner:CHINA MOBILE GROUP ZHEJIANG +1

A broadband service quality identification method, device, equipment and medium

The application provides a broadband service quality difference identification method, device, equipment and medium, and relates to the technical field of communication. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining user usage data generated by a user using a broadband network; inputting the user usage data into a trained quality difference identification model to obtain a quality difference identification result output by the quality difference identification model; the quality difference identification result is used to indicate a user with a quality difference problem; and the quality difference identification model is trained based on historical quality difference data of a body sense generated by the broadband network after a user uses the broadband network with added preset network loss. The application realizes active evaluation of the broadband service quality level, so as to accurately label each potential quality difference user, and then find problems in advance and timely repair the broadband, thereby improving user experience and stickiness.
Owner:GUOXIANG (WUHAN) INTELLIGENT TECH CO LTD

Optical network unit and data transmission method of optical network unit

The application relates to the technical field of communication, and provides an optical network unit and a data transmission method of the optical network unit. The optical network unit comprises: a plurality of network uplink interfaces used for interfacing with passive optical fiber network ports of optical line terminal equipment; a rate coupling module used for superimposing a plurality of broadband networks; and an IP address processing module used for aggregating the plurality of broadband networks. The plurality of network uplink interfaces can interface with the plurality of passive optical fiber network ports, and the rate coupling module and the IP address processing module are used for realizing superimposition and aggregation of the plurality of broadband networks, so that the plurality of broadband networks can be connected to one optical network unit, the terminal interconnection and intercommunication efficiency is improved, the number of network equipment deployments is reduced, and resource waste is avoided.
Owner:CHINA MOBILE GROUP DESIGN INST +1

Broadband network service management method and device and storage medium

The invention provides a broadband network service management method and device and a storage medium. The management method comprises the following steps: acquiring a video stream proportion of user traffic and a link load accessed by a user; when the video stream proportion and the link load both reach respective set thresholds, acquiring a user flow trend after a set time length, and generating a network service strategy of the user; judging whether the network service strategy of the user conflicts with the network service strategy of the link accessed by the user; performing quantization packaging on the network service strategy of the user; a verification report is generated through time sequence, space and logic three-dimensional inspection, a service level protocol satisfaction rate difference value before and after strategy implementation is calculated based on the verification report, and whether the service level protocol satisfaction rate difference value reaches a set value or not is judged; and if the service level protocol satisfaction rate difference value does not reach the set value, lowering the video stream proportion and the set threshold value of the link load, and repeating the above steps. By adopting the management method provided by the invention, dynamic network service can be realized, and user requirements can be met.
Owner:BEIJING WEISHIJIAYE NETWORK TECH CO LTD

Whole life cycle management method and device for broadband uncovered data and computing equipment

PendingCN121585512ATransmissionFull life cycleMinimum Data Set
The embodiment of the invention discloses a full-life-cycle management method and device for broadband uncovered data and computing equipment. The method comprises the following steps: constructing an uncovered minimum data set model including a plurality of core fields of uncovered data of multiple departments; building a support page and a support interface based on a high-definition satellite map and the model, and respectively embedding the support page and the support interface into a multi-department application system to form an integrated support tool; based on an integrated support tool, standardized collection and recording of uncovered data of a multi-department uncovered information collection system and de-duplication, merging and synchronization of uncovered data among systems are realized; interconnection, intercommunication and real-time feedback among business data of a multi-department application system are realized; and performing coverage verification on the broadband network construction effect of the uncovered point location or area, performing visual positioning on the left uncovered point location or area range, and generating data of the left uncovered point location or area. According to the embodiment of the invention, accurate and efficient management of the whole life cycle of the broadband uncovered data can be realized.
Owner:LIAONING MOBILE COMM +1

System for carrying out broadband traffic prediction and resource optimization configuration by adopting neural network

The invention discloses a system for carrying out broadband traffic prediction and resource optimization configuration by adopting a neural network, and the system comprises a traffic data collection and preprocessing unit which is used for collecting broadband network multi-dimensional traffic data and generating a standardized feature data set through cleaning, normalization and feature extraction; and the multi-modal neural network prediction unit is used for constructing a prediction model fusing time sequence convolution and a graph neural network based on the standardized data set, capturing a traffic time sequence rule and terminal topological characteristics, training by using historical data and outputting a future traffic prediction result. According to the system for broadband traffic prediction and resource optimal configuration by adopting the neural network, accurate prediction and dynamic optimal configuration of the network traffic are achieved, the resource waste can be effectively reduced, the problems of excessive allocation and insufficient resources are avoided, the use efficiency of the network resources is improved, and the network operation cost is reduced.
Owner:XIAMEN WANGWEI CO LTD

Pre-fetching and storing media locally on customer premises equipment

PendingUS20260189743A1MediaFLOBroadbanding
A method for pre-fetching and storing media locally on customer premises equipment includes predicting, using a machine learning model that analyzes historical video consumption behavior in a home broadband network, a video content that is likely to be consumed by a user of the home broadband network during a next period of peak demand on a communication service provider network, scheduling a download of the video content to a local storage during a next period of predicted non-peak demand in a cell of the communication service provider network that serves the home broadband network, and downloading, in response to determining that the next period of predicted non-peak demand has occurred, the video content to the local storage.
Owner:AT&T INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY I L P +1

Service sending method, service receiving method and related device based on narrowband base station

The invention discloses a service sending method, a service receiving method and a related device based on a narrowband base station, relates to the field of communication, and specifically, a terminal user unit supporting broadband communication and narrowband communication can send a communication service according to a service type and broadband and narrowband network conditions monitored by dual networks when sending the communication service. And selecting a target network and sending the communication service through the target network. Compared with a scheme in which a narrowband network bears all services, the method and the device have the advantages that the purpose of sending different types of services by using different networks can be achieved, and on the basis, when the terminal needs to send a certain communication service, even if the terminal exceeds the coverage range of the narrowband network or narrowband channel resources are completely occupied, the terminal can send the communication service. And the terminal user unit can still use the available broadband network to establish communication, so that the limitation of limited coverage area of the narrowband private network and limited narrowband network resources on the terminal service is broken through to a certain extent.
Owner:HYTERA COMM CORP

Visual monitoring system and method for broadband network

The invention relates to the technical field of broadband networks, in particular to a visual monitoring system and method for a broadband network. The visual monitoring system for the broadband network aims at solving the problems that data islands exist in traditional distributed broadband network monitoring, the real-time visualization ability is lacked, and technology and service index splitting exists, the visual monitoring system for the broadband network is provided with collaborative design of a core function module and a visual output module, the core function module is constructed based on a FLASK framework, and the visual output module is constructed based on the FLASK framework. Comprising a data acquisition module, a data storage module and a data processing module, and compared with a traditional data display mode, the system and the method can integrate full-link network index data and draw a chart according to requirements, so that operation and maintenance personnel can master the overall operation state of a broadband network more quickly and clearly, and the understanding threshold of network indexes is reduced.
Owner:SHENZHEN TOPWAY VIDEO COMM

Launching new spectrum channels in fragmented optical bands

A method includes identifying a channel parameter and distance for a new spectrum channel to be launched in an optical band in a fiber broadband network, wherein the optical band comprises a plurality of existing spectrum channels, calculating a spectral width for the new spectrum channel, based at least in part on the channel parameter and the distance, determining that a contiguous slice of the optical band is not available to support the spectral width, identifying a set of candidate channels of the plurality of existing spectrum channels, wherein each candidate channel is a standby channel for a main channel and wherein a predicted network traffic delay associated with a movement of each candidate channel is less than a threshold delay, and marking a subset of candidate channels for movement within the optical band, where a cumulative spectral width of the subset is at least equal to the spectral width.
Owner:AT&T INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY I L P +1

Coordinating cellular and cable / fiber broadband networks

Detect, at a cable / fiber broadband network termination unit of a cable / fiber broadband multi-service operator, an interruption in service to a cable / fiber broadband network customer unit-small cell pair. Responsive to detecting the interruption, the termination unit advises a charging server of the operator of the interruption in service, a corresponding identifier of the customer unit-small cell pair, and a corresponding account identifier. Responsive to termination unit advising the charging server, the charging server advises a backend server of an associated cellular network of a customer identifier corresponding to the account identifier. Responsive to the charging server advising the backend server, the backend server advises a policy control function of the associated cellular network to modify network parameters of the associated cellular network to compensate for the interruption in service.
Owner:CHARTER COMM OPERATING LLC

An emergency communication satellite mobile broadband triple play system

The application discloses an emergency communication satellite mobile broadband three-network fusion system, and relates to the technical field of wireless communication networks, comprising: a multi-mode fusion access gateway, which is used for providing communication interfaces with a telecommunication network, a Unicom network, a mobile network, a satellite broadband network and an ad hoc network node; and a six-dimensional state sensing unit, which is used for collecting six-dimensional network state data in time domain, frequency domain, space domain, energy domain, service domain and environment domain. The emergency communication satellite mobile broadband three-network fusion system realizes five-dimensional heterogeneous network resource collaborative scheduling of the telecommunication network, the Unicom network, the mobile network, the satellite broadband network and the ad hoc network node; the system can sense the network state evolution trend in advance, quantitatively evaluate the reliability of the prediction result, and spontaneously evolve to the state with the most balanced resource utilization and the highest overall order in the multi-network collaborative process, so that the fusion efficiency of multi-system networks in a dynamic environment is effectively improved.
Owner:SHIJIAZHUANG SHENG MING TECH CO LTD

Broadband PON network fault monitoring method, device, equipment, medium and product

The invention discloses a broadband PON network fault monitoring method, device, equipment, medium and product. The method comprises the following steps: collecting entity data of physical entities in a PON system; according to the data type of the entity data, storing the entity data into different information bases; adding an association attribute field and a position field in the entity data, and constructing an end-to-end topological association model of the PON network resource; the topological correlation model comprises topological sub-models under different faults; determining full-amount fault information according to the input fault work order serial number; selecting a fault topology sub-model from the topological correlation model according to the fault type of the full-amount fault information; and inputting the full-amount fault information into the fault topology sub-model to obtain fault position information. According to the scheme, the fault position of the broadband fault can be accurately obtained.
Owner:LIAONING MOBILE COMM +1

5g network configuration method and apparatus, electronic device, and storage medium

Embodiments of the present application provide a 5G network configuration method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium, the method comprising: identifying a 5G terminal user group using a 5G terminal and opening a 5G switch, and the monthly average 5G traffic of the 5G terminal user group is less than a traffic threshold; determining a first type of area covered by a broadband network and a second type of area covered by a mobile network; identifying a target WiFi large traffic user group in the first type of area and a target mobile user group in the second type of area; eliminating the target WiFi large traffic user group from the 5G terminal user group in the first type of area to obtain a first target 5G terminal user group; obtaining a second target 5G terminal user group by taking the intersection of the 5G terminal user group and the target mobile user group; when the first target 5G terminal user group and the second target 5G terminal user group are greater than a quantity threshold respectively, configuring a 5G network in the first clustering area and the second clustering area where the 5G network is located, thereby guiding the 5G network construction and quickly improving the 5G offloading ratio.
Owner:CHINA TELECOM CORP LTD

Analog equalizer networks apparatus for wideband los-MIMO processing

Disclosed is an analog equalizer network apparatus for wideband LOS-MIMO processing, the apparatus according to an embodiment including: a power distributor configured to distribute a first input signal received through a receiving antenna of a wideband LoS-MIMO network to a first path from a first input terminal to a first output terminal, and distribute a second input signal received through the receiving antenna to a second path from a second input terminal to the first output terminal; a first delay line located on the first path, and configured to delay the first input signal distributed to the first path; a second phase shifter located on the second path and configured to shift a phase of the second input signal distributed to the second path; and a power combiner configured to combine the delayed first input signal and the phase-shifted second input signal to perform channel separation.
Owner:POSTECH ACADEMY INDUSTRY FOUNDATION

A method for automatically detecting and analyzing the opening rate of a wide fixed network user internet access device

The present application relates to the field of broadband access service, in particular to a method for automatically detecting and analyzing the broadband network user's online equipment and opening rate, the method comprises the following steps: S1: associating the identification information by using the user optical modem port bandwidth data cached by the OLT device and the user online account and MAC address information of the BRAS device; S2: determining the matching condition of the user optical modem and the subscribed bandwidth by using the machine learning algorithm and the association analysis; S3: forming the AI prediction model by using the time series prediction algorithm and the distributed storage big data analysis technology; S4: providing personalized service suggestions for the user by using the clustering analysis algorithm, and integrating the data sources of other network devices to uniformly collect and analyze multidimensional data; S5: self-learning and optimization by using the decision tree and the incremental learning technology. Through the method, the workload and errors of manual analysis are reduced, the work efficiency is improved, and the adaptability to complex network environment is improved.
Owner:GUANGZHOU KAIYUAN INFORMATION TECH CO LTD

Amplifier device for connection to a broadband network

The present invention relates to an amplifier device (10) for connection to a cable television and / or broadband network, comprising a first and second power divider (1, 2) and amplifier elements (3, 4) arranged between them for the respective amplification of an upstream or downstream signal (5a, 5b).
Owner:DCT DELTA AG

Broadband fault positioning method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium

The invention provides a broadband fault positioning method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining alarm data and network performance data corresponding to each piece of network equipment in a target network equipment list, and enabling the target network equipment list to be associated with a broadband network corresponding to a target broadband account; according to the alarm data corresponding to each network device, judging whether each network device is a hidden network device, and obtaining a hidden network device list; determining a risk level corresponding to each hidden danger network device according to the network performance data corresponding to each hidden danger network device in the hidden danger network device list; and according to the risk level corresponding to each hidden danger network device in the hidden danger network device list and the network topology structure corresponding to the broadband network, determining a root cause network device. According to the application, automatic analysis from broadband fault declaration to root cause network equipment positioning is realized, the workload of manual troubleshooting is reduced, and the operation and maintenance cost is reduced.
Owner:CHINA TELECOM CORP LTD

Broadband network coverage blank area identification method and device for operator OTT big data

The invention discloses an operator OTT big data broadband network coverage blank area identification method and device, and relates to the PON field, and the method comprises the steps: S1, obtaining broadband resource coverage range data, operator OTT data, and broadband coverage area electronic fence data; s2, broadband resource coverage range data and broadband coverage area electronic fence data are analyzed, and a blank area is determined; based on operator OTT data, blank area classification is realized, and blank area positioning and information automatic picking and storage are realized; and S3, carrying out resource value evaluation on the blank area based on the operator OTT data, and determining the construction priority of the blank area based on an evaluation result. According to the method and the device, a broadband network real total demand library is constructed based on the operator OTT big data, the total and accurate collection of customer network use demands is realized, accurate identification and positioning of broadband network coverage blank areas based on the operator OTT big data and automatic information pickup and storage are realized, and scientific evaluation is carried out on the construction priorities of the blank areas.
Owner:LIAONING MOBILE COMM +1

Ranging null data packets for wide bandwidth networks

ActiveUS12671554B2WidebandProtocol data unit
This disclosure provides methods, components, devices and systems for ranging measurement procedures between two wireless devices that communicate in wide bandwidth networks. Some aspects more specifically relate to null data packet (NDP) transmissions via a 320 megahertz (MHz) bandwidth. In some examples, a first wireless device and a second wireless device may participate in a ranging measurement procedure and may exchange one or more NDPs to facilitate distance measurements and one or both of the first wireless device and the second wireless device may indicate that an associated protocol data unit (PDU) is a 320 MHz ranging NDP (e.g., an NDP of a ranging variant associated with a bandwidth of 320 MHz) via one or more bits of the preamble of the PDU. The one or more bits may be included in a universal signal (U-SIG) field of the preamble of the PDU.
Owner:QUALCOMM INC

A home broadband element authentication capability anomaly early warning method and device

The application discloses a kind of home broadband network element authentication capability abnormal early warning method and device, to solve the problem that it is difficult to effectively early warning is realized to home broadband network network element authentication capability abnormality.This scheme includes: obtaining the on-line and off-line message of home broadband network in monitoring period;Determine the home broadband link network element associated with on-line and off-line message;According to the timestamp carried in on-line and off-line message and home broadband link network element, determine the change value of the number of online users of home broadband network in monitoring period in target home broadband link network element in home broadband link network element;If the change value of the number of online users of target home broadband link network element in home broadband network is greater than alarm change value, then target home broadband link network element is executed authentication capability abnormality alarm.This scheme determines the change value of the number of online users of home broadband network element based on on-line and off-line message, thereby effectively realizing the alarm of network element authentication abnormality based on the change of the number of online users, and it is beneficial to improve the efficiency of repairing home broadband network function.
Owner:XINYANG BRANCH HENAN CO LTD OF CHINA MOBILE COMM CORP +1

Communication method, apparatus, storage medium, and device

The application discloses a communication method, device, storage medium and equipment, relates to the technical field of communication, and comprises the following steps: when a wideband communication system of a device comprising a wideband communication system and a narrowband communication system meets a predetermined dormancy condition, the wideband communication system is controlled to enter a dormant state; when a narrowband communication system meets a predetermined detection condition, the narrowband communication system is switched to a candidate wideband operating frequency point of the wideband communication system to collect signals and obtain wideband frequency point data; whether there is a wideband network signal on the wideband frequency point data is detected; and if the wideband network signal exists on the wideband frequency point data, the wideband communication system is woken up. The application can make the wideband communication system of a wide-narrow integrated communication device reliably work on demand, and reliably reduce the energy consumption of the wide-narrow integrated communication device.
Owner:SHENZHEN PENGLONGTONG TECH CO LTD

A Visual Monitoring System and Method for Broadband Networks

The present application relates to the technical field of broadband network, particularly relates to a kind of visual monitoring system and method for broadband network.The present application provides the visual monitoring system for broadband network with the collaborative design of core function module and visual output module, and the core function module is built based on FLASK framework, including: data acquisition module, data storage module, data processing module, compared with traditional data display mode, the system and method can integrate all-link network index data, draw chart according to demand, can let operation and maintenance personnel more quickly, clearly master broadband network overall operation state, reduce the understanding threshold of network index.
Owner:SHENZHEN TOPWAY VIDEO COMM

Method, device and equipment for wideband network quality demarcation and storage medium

The present disclosure provides a broadband network quality difference demarcation method, device, equipment and storage medium, and relates to the technical field of broadband testing. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the complaint work order information of a complaint user in a set period is obtained; the complaint work order information is input into a user complaint frequency identification model to obtain the user type of the complaint user; a target quality difference demarcation model corresponding to the user type is determined; and a target broadband network operation parameter corresponding to the user type is obtained; the target broadband network operation parameter is input into the target quality difference demarcation model to obtain a quality difference demarcation result; different broadband network operation parameters are used for different user types in the present disclosure, the precision of broadband network quality difference demarcation is improved, and a quality difference demarcation model is used to improve the accuracy of broadband network quality difference demarcation.
Owner:CHINA MOBILE GRP GUANGDONG CO LTD +1