The invention provides a symmetric matrix and vector multiplication parallel computing method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a symmetric matrix and a vector, and determining a thread count; dividing sub-regions; in each sub-region, defining a first axis and/or a second axis parallel to the symmetry axis; calculating a symmetry axis region and a vector, and writing into a register; performing two times of different first multiplication calculation on the first axis to obtain two groups of different data, and respectively writing the two groups of different data into a register; and performing two different second multiplication calculation on the second axis to obtain two or four groups of different data, and respectively writing the data into the register to obtain a calculation result of multiplication of the symmetric matrix and the vector. According to the scheme, multiplication calculation of the symmetric matrix and the vector can be accurately and rapidly achieved, the processing sequence of the elements in the matrix is reasonably planned, resources are reasonably allocated to all the threads, write-in conflicts can be effectively avoided, multi-thread parallel calculation is achieved, the calculation efficiency is high, loads of all the threads are balanced, and thread resources are reasonably distributed.