336 results about "Digital fingerprint" patented technology

The invention discloses a data security sharing method and system, and relates to the technical field of data security, and the method comprises the steps: receiving to-be-shared data uploaded by a data provider; fragmenting the data by adopting a biologically inspired adaptive fragmentation algorithm; generating a digital fingerprint for each fragment by using a multi-dimensional dynamic Hash algorithm; encrypting data fragments by adopting a post-quantum encryption algorithm and storing the data fragments in a decentralized network; recording the access authority, the digital fingerprint and the storage position information to a block chain security account book; when a data request is received, the access permission is verified; carrying out identity verification by adopting multi-mode biological feature recognition; after the verification is passed, obtaining a digital fingerprint and a storage position from the block chain; acquiring the encrypted fragments from the decentralized network and decrypting the encrypted fragments; verifying the integrity by using the digital fingerprint; and recombining the verified fragments to obtain complete data and returning the complete data to the requester. According to the method, efficient data sharing is realized while the data security is guaranteed, and the data value and privacy protection are effectively balanced.

The invention discloses a bidirectional authentication secure mobile communication method and system based on a public key digital fingerprint, and belongs to the technical field of communication security. The method specifically comprises the following steps: S1, digital certificate application and issuing: a mobile terminal and a service server respectively use an encryption algorithm to generate an asymmetric key pair which comprises a public key and a private key, an entity submits a CSR file which comprises a public key, entity identity information and an extension field to a CA, and the CA strictly audits the entity identity and issues a digital certificate; and performing digital signature on the public key and the entity information by using a CA private key after the auditing is passed. Two-way identity authentication is achieved, communication safety is improved, a traditional scheme only supports one-way authentication of a client to a server and is prone to phishing attack and identity false use, digital certificates are exchanged before communication between a mobile terminal and a service server, the legality of the certificates is verified through a public key of a CA root certificate, and the authenticity of the identities of the two parties is ensured. A bidirectional authentication mechanism effectively prevents man-in-the-middle attack and identity counterfeiting problems, and the security risk is greatly reduced.

The invention provides a prefabricated dish production batch traceability analysis method and system, and relates to the technical field of data processing, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the field arrangement optimization of an original data set based on a genetic algorithm, determining the optimal field arrangement and combination through dynamic iterative calculation, carrying out the splicing processing of all data elements according to the optimized field sequence, and obtaining the traceability of the original data set; generating a long character string with dynamic optimization characteristics; hash digest operation is carried out on the generated long character string, a digital fingerprint with a fixed length is generated through a preset one-way encryption algorithm, and a unique Hash identification code of the production batch is formed; and writing the generated Hash identification code into a distributed node of a block chain database, constructing a storage time sequence record based on a timestamp chain structure, and establishing an index mapping relationship between the Hash identification code and the original data set. According to the invention, the data preprocessing fineness can be improved.

The invention discloses a logistics order management system and method, and belongs to the technical field of logistics information management. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, generating a unique digital fingerprint for each logistics order; step 2, performing multi-level security encryption and state synchronization management on order information; 3, constructing a digital twinborn model corresponding to the order, collecting and preprocessing key data in real time and visually displaying the key data in the logistics process, and realizing dynamic monitoring of the whole process; step 4, based on an order state consensus mechanism, automatically matching optimal logistics resources and driving an order processing flow, and generating a verifiable order execution proof chain at the same time; and step 5, performing intelligent analysis and adaptive optimization on the full-life-cycle data of the order, and continuously improving the overall efficiency and precision of logistics management.

The invention belongs to the technical field of data management, and particularly relates to a block chain-based heterogeneous data source right confirmation method, which comprises the steps of multi-source heterogeneous data acquisition, digital fingerprint generation, block chain hash anchoring, data storage and circulation and ownership tracing and verification. According to the invention, original data is collected from various terminals and system platforms by adopting a multi-source heterogeneous data acquisition technology so as to ensure the diversity and universality of data sources, and the collected original data is processed and unique digital fingerprints are generated. The method comprises the following steps: processing a digital fingerprint through a hash algorithm to generate a corresponding block chain hash value, anchoring the block chain hash value on a block chain, ensuring authority and permanency of a data ownership record, storing original data in a safe data warehouse, recording the hash value and ownership information of the data on the block chain at the same time, and storing the data in the block chain. Through combination of multi-source heterogeneous data acquisition, digital fingerprint generation and block chain hash anchoring technologies, automatic registration and efficient management of data ownership are realized.

The systems and methods disclosed herein monitor application (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) model) operations using interactions between the application and a kernel. The systems and methods disclosed herein intercept, using a kernel interface, one or more function invocations transmitted from the application (e.g., an AI model without model modification). Event record(s) are generated for one or more functions to define process identifiers, resource interaction types, timestamps, and / or resource identifiers. Observed pattern(s) for the application are identified by comparing current event record(s) with previous record(s), and the identified observed pattern(s) are evaluated against reference pattern(s) to generate score(s). Data packet(s) that indicate observed pattern(s), corresponding score(s), and / or cryptographic digital fingerprint(s) of the one or more functions are generated. The data packet(s) are transmitted to distributed ledgers for immutable storage.

The invention relates to the technical field of image recognition, in particular to an online real-time image recognition anti-counterfeiting verification method and system based on gold transaction. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a micro texture image of the gold product; generating a unique digital fingerprint based on the physical unclonable feature of the microscopic texture image, and performing encryption in combination with a UTC timestamp to generate a dynamic encryption tag; extracting a feature descriptor of the micro texture image and performing texture comparison with a pre-stored database to obtain a texture matching degree; decrypting the dynamic encryption label to generate a dynamic code aging state; and according to the texture matching degree and the dynamic code aging state, performing anti-counterfeiting discrimination on the micro texture image of the gold product to obtain a genuine product discrimination result and a counterfeit discrimination result. According to the method, the micro texture image, the near infrared spectrum data, the dynamic encryption label and the block chain technology are combined, so that the accuracy, the safety and the efficiency of gold anti-counterfeiting are improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of lightning arrester disassembly and assembly, and particularly relates to an energy data trusted sharing method based on multi-block chain cooperation and improved consensus. Comprising the following steps: S1, finishing on-chain and off-chain distributed storage of data in combination with an interstellar file system and a block Hash; s2, generating publishable data fingerprints by combining the smart contract and row data; s3, performing data flow sharing based on the publishable energy data of the block chain; s4, performing a consensus based on POBT +; s5, finishing the uplink evidence storage of the data circulation process by combining the smart contract; s6, carrying out abnormal behavior identification; s7, data circulation tracing is carried out; through the steps, access control and abuse responsibility investigation are realized in combination with attribute encryption and digital fingerprint technologies, construction of a security environment in the data sharing process is greatly improved, flexible and revocable fine-grained access control is realized, accurate responsibility investigation of unauthorized use of data is completed, and high efficiency and security in the energy data sharing process are ensured.

The invention discloses a cultural relic digital fingerprint identification method based on geometric texture and spectral information, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining multi-source data, carrying out the texture mapping, and forming a three-dimensional grid model with texture data; curvature values and topological features of all vertexes of the three-dimensional grid model are calculated, feature fusion is carried out on the basis of local saliency adjustment feature weights, and fingerprint point location screening is completed; based on the screened fingerprint point locations, a significant plane is constructed through a bit plane, and texture features of the cultural relics are extracted based on an improved histogram and a gray-level co-occurrence matrix; extracting characteristic wave bands of the cultural relics based on the screened fingerprint point locations in combination with the hyperspectral data; and multi-modal fusion identification is carried out based on features of geometry, texture and spectral information. According to the method, the geometric structure, the texture features and the hyperspectral information are fused, multi-mode collaborative cultural relic identity high-precision identification is achieved, and the method has the advantages of being high in accuracy, high in robustness, good in interpretability and capable of adapting to complex environments.

The invention provides an intelligent education resource sharing and authority management system based on a block chain, and belongs to the technical field of intelligent education, and the system comprises a block chain network layer, a resource right confirmation module, an intelligent contract module, a distributed storage network, a cross-chain interaction gateway and a dynamic optimization module, comprising a resource authentication chain, an authority management chain and a cross-chain interaction chain, and the chains realize data intercommunication through relay nodes; the resource right confirmation module adopts a three-level Hash nested structure to generate a non-tampering digital fingerprint, and binding and uplink the educational resource metadata and the creator DID; the intelligent contract module comprises a dynamic authority management contract and a resource transaction contract, and supports an access control strategy based on context awareness. According to the intelligent education resource sharing system, the core problems that the right of the education resources is difficult to confirm, the sharing efficiency is low, and the right management is inflexible are solved, and the safe, intelligent and extensible intelligent education resource sharing system is constructed.

The invention relates to a method for the automated operation of a device (1) for capturing biometric identification features of a person (2), as well as to a device. The method comprises the following: providing the device (1) with a camera device (4) for capturing a digital biometric facial image and a fingerprint device (13), wherein the camera device (4) for setting a recording position and the fingerprint device (13) for setting a usage position for capturing the fingerprint are adjustable by means of a displacement device (8) at least with regard to a respective height above a reference plane (5) and independently of one another;Moving the camera device (4) by means of the displacement device (8) into a current recording position such that a horizontal viewing axis (6) is formed between the camera device (4) and a person (2) arranged opposite the camera device (4); determining a current height of the camera device (4) above the reference plane (5); providing assignment data which, for a plurality of persons of different sizes, indicate a respective size-adjusted assignment between a reference height of the camera device (4) and an assigned reference position of the fingerprint device (13); determining a reference height corresponding to the current height of the camera device (4) and a reference position of the fingerprint device (13) assigned to this height;Moving the fingerprint device (13) to the assigned reference position and capturing the digital biometric facial image of the person (2) and / or the digital fingerprint of the person (2);

The invention discloses a privacy protection product supply chain carbon data tracing method based on a block chain, and belongs to the field of block chain application. The method comprises the steps that a product supply chain carbon data traceability information model is constructed according to ISO 14067 product carbon footprint accounting standards and industry practices, and all enterprises collect carbon data according to the content defined by the traceability information model and structurally store the carbon data into private cloud; building a product supply chain model based on a block chain, zero-knowledge proof, a commitment scheme and an RSA accumulator, and realizing on-chain evidence storage and information integration of carbon data digital fingerprints; the traceability authority verification and access control are realized based on an RSA accumulator and an RBAC technology, and the authenticity verification of the traceability information is realized by using the stored digital fingerprint. The method can effectively solve the difficulty of structured management and information integration of the carbon data in a complex product supply chain scene, effectively solves the problems of enterprise privacy protection and traceability information authenticity, and can realize access control of the carbon data according to data privacy requirements.

Techniques are described for embedded device based fingerprint signing and public ledger registering management. A digital fingerprint associated with media content can be identified. An embedded integrated circuit (IC) of the computing device can be utilized to store security data associated with the media content. The security data can include at least one digital certificate. The at least one digital certificate can include a device certificate utilized to generate a cryptographic signature associated with the metadata and the digital fingerprint. A file can be generated and registered with a public ledger. The file can include the digital fingerprint, the metadata, the at least one certificate, and the cryptographic signature.

The invention discloses an artificial intelligence auxiliary authentication method and system for data element right confirmation, and relates to the technical field of data element management and credible circulation. Comprising the following steps: data acquisition: acquiring a data product, an ownership statement and contract terms, and calculating an initial digital fingerprint of the data product; and ownership identification: extracting core value elements and features of the data product based on a multi-modal intelligent analysis model, quantifying value contribution weights formed by all links to the data product, and automatically generating a data element circulation graph. According to the method, the multi-modal intelligent analysis model is constructed, and the data product is deeply scanned and analyzed automatically, so that the dependence on predefined rules is reduced, and the intellectualization and automation of ownership identification are realized; by constructing an intelligent compliance verification model, data operation behaviors are monitored and compared in real time, substantive compliance control over the whole data use process is achieved, and a credible use closed loop is established.

The invention relates to the technical field of power industrial control network asset management, in particular to a power industrial control network security-oriented asset dynamic digital fingerprint construction system, which comprises a data acquisition module, a first determination module, a second determination module, an identification module, an adjustment module and a construction module. Through accurate multi-level data acquisition, behavior analysis and threshold adjustment, the security of an electric power industrial control network is remarkably improved, the system can acquire key behavior data of equipment in real time, such as the number of bytes of a data packet, the memory utilization rate and the number of login failures, and normal equipment and abnormal equipment are accurately identified through multi-stage screening, so that the security of the electric power industrial control network is improved. The system flexibly deals with the dynamic change of the equipment behavior by adjusting the byte number fluctuation threshold value, ensures the high efficiency and accuracy of the safety detection, and effectively solves the problems that the system cannot adapt to the network asset change and cannot identify the abnormal equipment in real time due to the dependence on a static fingerprint database and a fixed similarity threshold value.

The invention belongs to the technical field of digital copyright management, and discloses an intelligent copyright automatic authorization transaction platform system, which comprises a user management unit used for supporting a user to register and log in on an authorization transaction platform and uploading work information data; the digital copyright confirmation unit is used for carrying out original verification and quality evaluation auditing on the work information data to generate a work digital fingerprint; automatically writing the digital fingerprint of the work into a block chain evidence storage network through an intelligent contract, and generating an NFT digital certificate; the intelligent authorization contract generation unit is internally provided with an intelligent contract template and generates personalized terms in a matching manner according to the digital fingerprints of the works and preset authorization requirements; the personalized terms are converted into standardized intelligent contract codes, and corresponding contract texts are generated at the same time; intermediate links and manual operation are reduced, and the transaction efficiency is improved.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an exemplary method that may include steps of obtaining data associated with a device within a network; determining a digital fingerprint via identification data of the device based on a scan of the network and data associated with the device by: comparing the identification data of the device to a plurality of devices within the, generating a unique identification code that uniquely identifies the device based on a similarity score for the device, and determining the unique identification code for the device based on the digital fingerprint; and generating a network security map that represents a topology of the network, wherein the network security map maps the device within the topology according to the unique identification code so as to facilitate causing at least one security action with respect to the device within the network.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent production and food safety traceability, in particular to an agricultural product identification method and system and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: collecting holographic images, multispectral images, weight and environment data, and adding a high-precision timestamp to form a global original data packet; after the edge processing module carries out noise reduction, correction and time-space alignment on the data, a pre-trained holographic vision Transform, a special spectrum convolutional network and a full-connection network are adopted to extract modal features respectively, deep fusion is realized by using a hypergraph neural network, and digital twin data and digital fingerprint data are constructed; the multi-modal identification network compares the fused data with standard data, outputs the category, quality evaluation and state judgment of the agricultural products, and the identification result is subjected to digital signature and then is chained to realize tamper-resistant evidence storage; and realizing self-adaptive updating of the global model through federal learning. According to the method, the accuracy, robustness and safety of agricultural product identification are remarkably improved, and the requirements of modern agriculture for food safety and traceability tracking are met.

The invention relates to the technical field of automatic control, and discloses an automatic control method and system for production of a blood-sugar-reducing egg fermented feed. The method comprises the following steps: intelligently identifying raw materials, accurately proportioning, acquiring digital fingerprints by using multiple groups of sensors, and performing double-speed blanking to realize proportioning; feeding the materials into a parameterized mixing system, and performing multi-stage variable-speed stirring to generate a parameter report; self-adaptive fermentation, multi-point sensing monitoring and self-adaptive PID adjustment are carried out according to report conditions to obtain a fermentation material; and performing post-processing to obtain a feed product and a digital file. The technical problems of accurate identification and intelligent proportioning of raw materials in the production process of the blood-sugar-reducing egg fermented feed, uniformity control and accurate regulation and control of fermentation conditions in the mixing process of the functional feed and full-flow digital management and quality tracing of the blood-sugar-reducing functional feed are solved.

The invention discloses a security encryption method and system for a digital collection, and relates to the technical field of digital collection encryption, and the method comprises the following steps: carrying out the Hash fingerprint generation of the metadata of the digital collection, and obtaining the digital fingerprint of the digital collection; performing encryption operation on the content file of the digital collection to obtain an encrypted file; storing the digital fingerprint and the encrypted file based on block chain storage; when the user accesses the digital collections, verifying the identity of the user, searching the digital collections expected to be accessed by the user based on the metadata selected by the user after the verification is passed, and restoring the digital collections; the method and the device are used for solving the problem that the digital collection is easily tampered by other people due to the fact that the security is insufficient when the encrypted digital collection is read in the existing digital collection encryption technology.

The invention discloses a universal control box and method based on a programmable control logic library, and the method is characterized in that the method comprises the steps: capturing an operation feature signal of controlled equipment in real time through a signal collection module, and extracting an equipment feature vector to construct an equipment digital fingerprint; performing matching degree calculation on the feature vector and a control module of a pre-stored logic library, selecting a target logic control module, and generating an expected control parameter in a virtual sandbox; driving equipment to run through the target module, acquiring running data in real time, and comparing the running data with expected parameters to generate a deviation report; aggregating historical data based on the deviation report, and performing parameter increment optimization on the target module to generate a versioned patch; fusing the patch and the equipment full-dimension log to construct a digital twinborn body, predicting the health state of the equipment based on twinborn data, and outputting a logic library iteration instruction; and flexible control is driven by a data closed loop, so that the problems of customized cables and non-standard mechanical trepanning caused by the difference of controlled equipment of the industrial control box are solved, and one box is universal.

The invention relates to the technical field of computer data processing, and discloses a cross-border e-commerce compliance tax refund method and an intelligent declaration system based on block chain evidence storage, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a reference library containing commodity physical attributes and fair density intervals; order transaction, logistics actual measurement and fund time sequence data are acquired; executing multi-dimensional cross validation based on the reference library, wherein the multi-dimensional cross validation comprises physical space logic verification based on geometric boxing simulation, attribute consistency verification based on density distribution matching and quality and time sequence joint verification; a risk level is determined by integrating results; and generating digital fingerprints for compliance data, writing the digital fingerprints into a distributed account book, and generating a declaration file by using an on-chain index. According to the invention, trade authenticity is verified through physical simulation and multi-dimensional logic, evidence is ensured not to be tampered in combination with a block chain technology, and compliance and auditing efficiency of tax refund declaration are effectively improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of block chain anti-counterfeiting, in particular to an artwork anti-counterfeiting traceability system and method based on a block chain, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the multi-modal feature data of an artwork, and generating a unique digital fingerprint through a Hash algorithm; continuously acquiring a moving track image of the artwork and extracting spatial-temporal characteristics to generate a dynamic track password; encrypting the digital fingerprint, the track password and the artwork ownership information together, writing the encrypted information into a tamper-resistant distributed account book of a block chain, forming block chain data, and binding the block chain data with a two-dimensional code corresponding to the artwork; scanning the two-dimensional code attached to the artwork, calling the block chain data, and comparing the block chain data with the physical features and the track password to verify the artwork. Therefore, the position of the artwork can be continuously tracked in combination with the historical trajectory of the artwork, the artwork can be better traced through association between the position of the artwork and other anti-counterfeiting information of the artwork, and the transparency and credibility of an artwork transaction market are improved.

The invention discloses an archive information security storage and tamper-proof method and system based on a block chain, and belongs to the field of information security, the method comprises the following steps: obtaining archive information to be processed and generating standard archive data; a time sequence accumulation state hash model is adopted to process the standard archive data to generate digital fingerprints, and the time sequence accumulation state hash model constructs an academic state hash chain which takes initial academic state hash as a starting point and is recursively deduced along with time for each student; the generation of each new academic state hash is forced to depend on a previous academic state hash, a current period archive data abstract, a timestamp and a context challenge factor derived from a previous state; the digital fingerprints, the unique identity identifiers of the students and the operation metadata are packaged into archive information transactions, and the archive information transactions are signed by an authorization mechanism and then broadcasted to a block chain network; and a personal electronics file is formed. According to the invention, powerful and provable time sequence integrity is provided for auditing and tracing of archives.

Disclosed are a method and computer system for quantifying identity risk associated with an agent's request for access to online resources using valid credentials of an authorized user. The likelihood that the agent is the authorized user is computed using access request data, historical access data for the authorized user, and identity risk signal data collected from open source intelligence (OSINT) and other external identity risk data sources. The likelihood may be based on the distance between the current digital fingerprint, which in an embodiment is a high-dimensional vector comprising identity risk signal data, and a similar historical digital fingerprint for the authorized user, or, alternatively, the deviation from mean between a current weighted risk score comprising the identity risk signal data and the historical weighted risk scores for the authorized user.

The invention discloses a lightweight container X-ray intelligent security check method and system based on anti-distillation, and belongs to the technical field of image recognition. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring qualified image data, and respectively extracting metadata of the qualified image data to carry out hash verification marking for subsequent block chain evidence storage; generating a confrontation sample and a qualified image to form an enhanced data set; constructing a double-teacher confrontation distillation framework combined with a self-supervision pseudo-label generation mechanism, and after determining an optimal framework, completing model self-supervision training by using the enhanced data set as a training sample to obtain a target model; generating a model compression strategy of structured pruning and mixing precision quantification collaborative optimization, completing lightweight deployment of a target model, and executing an actual container security check task; a pixel-level risk heat map is generated according to X-ray image information obtained by an actual container security check task, and a risk assessment result is obtained; and generating a unique digital fingerprint record to the block chain by using a chain type evidence storage mechanism constructed based on the block chain to complete evidence storage.

The invention discloses a digital fingerprint generation method for terminal equipment, and relates to the technical field of digital fingerprint generation, comprising the following steps: S1, collecting multi-dimensional hierarchical features; s2, privacy enhancement; s3, fingerprint anti-regeneration generation is carried out; and S4, fingerprint life cycle management. According to the terminal equipment digital fingerprint generation method, multi-dimensional fine-grained feature acquisition is realized from a non-sensitive layer, a semi-sensitive layer and a high-sensitive layer, a feature weight is optimized through a federated learning framework, fingerprint drift caused by hardware replacement and software updating is effectively resisted, and the user experience is improved. Dynamic Gaussian noise is injected into numerical semi-sensitive features to balance privacy protection and feature effectiveness, 2048-bit key Paillier homomorphic encryption is adopted for high-sensitive features, meanwhile, cross-scene tracking risks are blocked through scenarized sub-fingerprint generation and an original feature immediate destruction mechanism, and the privacy protection and feature effectiveness are improved. And an anti-duplication architecture fusing a Merkle tree and a bloom filter is introduced to greatly reduce the fingerprint coincidence collision rate.

The invention relates to a webpage tampering detection method based on a block chain technology, and the method comprises the steps: S1, initializing distributed storage nodes, synchronizing block chain data between different storage nodes, and verifying the data integrity and legality of a newly added node; s2, carrying out data acquisition on a webpage to be detected, and representing the content of the webpage to be detected as a computable data structure; s3, performing hash operation on the data structure to generate a unique digital fingerprint; s4, constructing a transaction by using the digital fingerprint, and performing propagation and verification; s5, constructing a new block, and performing broadcasting and verification; and S6, regularly verifying the record on the block chain according to requirements to determine whether the webpage is tampered or not. The invention further provides a webpage tampering detection device based on the block chain technology and a storage medium.

The invention discloses a watermark processing method and device, a storage medium and a computer readable storage medium, and relates to the technical field of digital watermarking. The watermark processing method comprises the following steps: capturing a current data packet flowing into a target gateway; according to the grading label of the current data packet, the corresponding watermark embedding strength is determined, and the watermark embedding strength is in positive correlation with the priority degree corresponding to the grading label; obtaining identification information of the current data packet, and generating a dynamic digital fingerprint based on the identification information; and embedding the dynamic digital fingerprint into the current data packet based on the watermark embedding strength to obtain a target data packet, and sending the target data packet to a specified delivery address corresponding to the current data packet through the target gateway. The technical problem that an existing watermark processing method is difficult to effectively protect real-time data streams is solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of computers, and discloses a paper plagiarism detection method and device based on similarity, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a to-be-detected paper, and carrying out the cleaning of the to-be-detected paper, and obtaining a target paper; obtaining a historical paper database, and screening to obtain a plurality of to-be-compared papers; calculating digital fingerprints and word frequency vectors of the target paper and the papers to be compared; calculating fingerprint similarity between the target paper and each to-be-compared paper based on the digital fingerprints; calculating the word frequency similarity between the target paper and each to-be-compared paper based on the word frequency vector; and obtaining a plagiarism detection result according to the fingerprint similarity and the word frequency similarity. According to the method, the data volume needing to be processed in similarity calculation can be reduced, and the calculation precision is ensured while the detection efficiency is improved.