The invention discloses a rail clamping self-locking type anti-running device for a mine vehicle. The device comprises a left braking rocker arm, a right braking rocker arm, left fixed angle iron, right fixed angle iron, a braking rocker arm hinge shaft, a left rocker arm sliding sleeve, a right rocker arm sliding sleeve, a left braking claw connecting block, a right braking claw connecting block, a left braking claw connecting block pin shaft, a right braking claw connecting block pin shaft, a left braking claw truss, a right braking claw truss, a left braking inner claw, a left braking outer claw, a right braking inner claw, a right braking outer claw, a left suspension rope, a right suspension rope, a left braking rope and a right braking rope. According to the device, a mechanical structure is adopted, so that the device is simple in structure, convenient to implement, low in manufacturing cost, easy to maintain and long in service life; a rocker arm mechanism self-locking principle is utilized, and the mine vehicle is braked in a rail clamping way, so that the risks of turnover, derailment, braking failures, secondary damage and the like are eliminated, and running accidents of the mine vehicle can be effectively prevented.