The invention relates to a mine vehicle braking device, and solves the problems of insensitive response, long braking time, low reliability and turnout adaptability and the like of the conventional anti-deviation equipment in the braking process. The device consists of an overspeed inductor, a safety pin, an extension spring, a positioning block, a compression spring, an L-shaped arc hook, a cross shaft driver, a driving chain wheel, a chain, a driven chain wheel and a brake, wherein the overspeed inductor is fixed on a rear shaft of a mine vehicle and detects an overspeed signal of the mine vehicle; the cross shaft driver is meshed with the driving chain wheel and drives the brake to work; a bidirectional screw simultaneously drives a left-handed driving block and a right-handed driving block to move to the middle; and the left-handed driving block and the right-handed driving block make a left braking block and a right braking block to swing outwards through a left connecting rod and a right connecting rod, and the left braking block and the right braking block clasp a rail to generate a braking effect. The device has the advantages of sensitive response, short braking time, high turnout adaptability and reliability and the like, is convenient to overhaul, and is mainly used for braking the mine vehicle in mine inclined well transportation operation.