The invention discloses a measuring system for the mechanical properties of a seabed sediment suitable for full sea depth, comprising a waterborne monitoring unit and an underwater measuring device. The underwater measuring device comprises an observation platform and a measuring mechanism. The observation platform comprises a frame body; and floating bodies, wing plates, floating ball cabins, leveling mechanisms, counterweight mechanisms, and releasing mechanisms, which are mounted on the frame body. The floating ball cabins seal the system circuit. The wing plates are deployed when the underwater measuring device reaches a set height from the seabed, so that the underwater measuring device lands stably. The leveling mechanisms adjust the underwater measuring device to stand horizontallyon the seabed when the frame body reaches the seabed. The releasing mechanisms discard the counterweights to realize recovery after the underwater measuring device finishes the underwater operation. The measuring mechanism comprises a conical penetration measuring mechanism, a spherical penetration measuring mechanism, a cross plate shearing and measuring mechanism, or a sampling mechanism. The measuring system for the mechanical properties of a seabed sediment suitable for full sea depth can measure the mechanical properties of the seabed sediments of full sea depth.