The invention discloses a prototype spectrum set generation method based on superpixels, and belongs to the field of hyperspectral image processing, and the method specifically comprises the steps: firstly, collecting spectrum wave bands of a certain region, taking each wave band as an image, and forming an image set X; then, 40% of wave bands are randomly selected, pixel points in the image corresponding to the wave bands are averaged, and an image Y is formed; thirdly, SSIM structure indexes of the images in the image set X and the image Y are calculated one by one to serve as scores of the images, and the scores are arranged in a descending order; re-selecting the first 40% wave band to regenerate the image Y, and repeatedly calculating the score of each image in the image set X until the wave band is stable; and finally, selecting the first three wavebands with the highest score, inputting the first three wavebands into a superpixel segmentation algorithm to extract superpixel small blocks at fixed intervals, taking the average spectrum of each superpixel small block as an initial clustering center of a k-means clustering algorithm, and performing clustering to obtain a prototype spectrum set of the region. According to the method, the calculation amount of the clustering process is reduced, and the clustering result is stabilized.