The invention discloses a transmission system for serial digital interface (SDI) high-definition video signals, which comprises a sending end, a receiving end and a coaxial cable for connecting the sending end and the receiving end. The sending end comprises a receiving unit, a high-definition coding unit, a packaging unit, a modulation coding unit and a sending end mixer which are connected in sequence. The receiving end comprises a receiving end mixer, a demodulation decoding unit, a demultiplexing unit, a high-definition decoding unit and an output interface which are connected in sequence. The sending end of the transmission system receives, codes and packages the high-definition video signals which are modulated and coded into digital video broadcasting-cable (DVB-C) radio frequency signals, the sending end is connected with the receiving end through the coaxial cable under 2000m, and the receiving end enables demodulation, channel decoding, demultiplexing and high-definition decoding to be performed on the DVB-C radio frequency signals which are restored back to serial digital video signals or converted into high-definition digital multi-media signals. Therefore, stable transmission of the SDI high-definition video signals at the distance between 100m to 2000m is achieved. Simultaneously, the invention further discloses a transmission method for the SDI high-definition video signals.