4841results about "Water mains" patented technology

A system for AI-supported leak detection and localization in water distribution infrastructures, consisting of: a large number of distributed sensor nodes mounted along a water pipe, each sensor node comprising the following: a pressure sensor configured to measure local hydraulic pressure fluctuations within the pipeline with a resolution of at least 0.01 bar; a flow sensor configured to measure the volume flow within the pipeline with an accuracy of at least ±0.5% of the measured value; an acoustic sensor configured to detect vibration signatures caused by leaks in a frequency range between 50 Hz and 20 kHz; an embedded microcontroller with integrated analog-to-digital conversion circuitry for digitizing sensor outputs; a wireless communication module configured to transmit time-synchronized sensor data to a cloud-based processing platform; and a local energy subsystem with a rechargeable battery and an optional circuit for generating photovoltaic energy; the cloud-based processing platform includes an artificial intelligence engine that comprises the following: a data acquisition module configured to receive and decode the transmitted sensor data and to perform time alignment; a supervised learning module that is trained on historical data of flagged leaks and non-leaks to classify incoming sensor patterns; an unsupervised learning module configured to detect anomalies by modeling normal operating baselines of the pipeline; and a topology-aware localization module configured to determine leak coordinates using the topology of the pipeline network, modeling the propagation of hydraulic waves, and estimating the arrival time difference from multi-node acoustic detections; and wherein the system is configured to provide real-time leak alerts and georeferenced visualization via a remote monitoring interface.

Various automated techniques are disclosed herein for monitoring and assessing real-time and future operational and health statuses of real-world assets (e.g., physical devices, components, equipment, structures, buildings, machines, infrastructure, piping systems, etc.). A monitoring system incorporates the use of intelligent Monitoring Devices for monitoring pipe systems and / or other infrastructure for leaks / issues using IoT devices and machine learning. One or more Monitoring Device(s) are attached to specific physical equipment / structure(s) to be monitored. A Monitoring Device performs comprehensive field data gathering. The collected field data is used to train a customized ML model, which is stored locally in that Monitoring Device. The Monitoring Device monitors current conditions of the pipe using various sensors, and uses its locally stored customized, trained model to perform real-time, edge-based analysis of the monitored data to identify possible issues in real-time and / or to predict future maintenance / service needs without relying on continuous cloud connectivity.

The invention belongs to the technical field of water supply network pressure regulation and control, and particularly relates to a pump station outlet pressure regulation and control method for a water supply network. Compared with constant pressure supply of a pump outlet in a mainstream method, the method has the advantages that various water supply time periods can be effectively distinguished through division of different water supply time periods, and a corresponding pump station outlet pressure value is provided for each time period. In other water supply periods except for the peak period, the pressure of the water outlet of the pump station more accurately meets the actual requirement, and therefore energy waste is effectively reduced. Compared with a method for keeping the pressure value of the most unfavorable point constant, since the outlet pressure of the pump station is accurately predicted by using historical data, the real-time pressure data of the most unfavorable point does not need to be collected and transmitted to the booster pump station in real time to guide the operation of the pump station, and the feedback of data such as pressure measurement information and the like has no requirement for timeliness; and frequent regulation and control are not needed. According to the method, the situation of energy waste of the pump station can be effectively reduced on the basis of reasonably controlling the cost.

A fluid control device includes a fluid pipe section including a fluid inlet and outlet connectable in series to a fluid pipe. A fluid valve is coupled in series within the fluid pipe section separating a fluid inlet and outlet side and controlling a fluid flow. An electric motor is mechanically connected to the fluid valve. A temperature sensor is connected to the fluid pipe section monitoring a temperature of the fluid flow. A pressure sensor is connected to the fluid pipe section monitoring a pressure of the fluid flow. A flow rate sensor is connected to the fluid pipe section monitoring a flow rate of the fluid flow. A control device processor is electrically connected to the electric motor and electrically connected to the sensors. A communication device coupled to the control device processor is for wirelessly connecting to a remotely disposed fluid monitoring and control system.

A method (100) of monitoring and controlling for hydraulic and gas distribution pipeline networks comprises the steps of: providing a pipe (1) of polymeric material for water or gas installations suitable for connection in series with other pipes; Arranging and fixing on the diametral surface of said pipes (1) at least a fiber optic conductor (12) provided with an optical transmitting core (15) and at least a Fiber Bragg Grating FBG (14) sensor; arranging coating means (30) around said pipe for the protection of said fiber optic conductor (12); configuring said optical fiber conductor (12) to be connected to a control unit (20) capable of sending a light signal; and configuring said fiber optic FBG sensor (14) to send a reflected light signal dependent on the variation in size of said pipe (1). The invention also includes a pipe (1) or conduit for hydraulic or gas distribution pipeline networks comprising at least one fiber optic conductor (12) and a distribution pipeline network (10) comprising at least a pipe (1).

The invention relates to an anti-crack construction method for anti-radiation mass concrete. The anti-crack construction method comprises the following steps: 1) designing a computer tall formwork system and performing computer simulation construction; (2) optimally designing a concrete mix proportion; (3) a wall body cooling water circulating pipe and a temperature detector are installed; (4) mass concrete pouring process quality control; 5) starting a water cooling system; and (6) concrete curing. According to the method, safety calculation software is used for carrying out safety load simulation calculation, BIM simulation construction, test optimal mix proportion, raw material management and control and electronic temperature monitoring, and analysis is carried out according to the real-time temperature monitoring condition; the cooling pipe circulating water is used for reducing internal hydration heat, the geotechnical cloth and the film cover are used for heat preservation, moisture preservation and maintenance, all-around and whole-process quality control measures are taken, and it can be ensured that the mass concrete does not have the quality problems of cracking, leakage and the like which affect the radiation protection performance.

The invention provides an artificial groundwater recharge system and method based on roof rainwater collection, and relates to the technical field of groundwater recharge. The system comprises a rainwater recycling unit, a rainwater purifying unit and a rainwater recharging unit which are connected in sequence, and the rainwater recycling unit is used for collecting roof rainwater; the rainwater purifying unit is used for purifying the collected rainwater, and the rainwater recharging unit is used for inputting the purified rainwater into an underground aquifer. A set of feasible manual supply and recharge technical system is constructed, and various aspects of manual supply are organically integrated and connected, so that the water quality of recharged rainwater can be improved, the underground water supply quality is effectively ensured, the supply efficiency of a manual supply project can be maintained or improved, and the blockage risk is reduced; the time for keeping high-efficiency recharge of manual supply is prolonged, and then the recharge water amount is increased.

The invention discloses a water supply energy-saving safe scheduling and purification intelligent control system, and relates to the field of water supply energy-saving purification, and the system comprises a sensing module, a calculation module, an acquisition terminal, a scheduling module and a purification module.A final water demand prediction value is obtained by constructing a time-sequence-dependent water use feature set and performing prediction and error correction on an LSTM model; performing water supply energy-saving safety scheduling analysis, generating a water supply pipeline equipment control parameter combination, performing pipeline state abnormity and pipeline fluid pressure analysis, calculating a pipeline state abnormity value, performing pressure loss state change analysis when the pipeline fluid flows to obtain a pipeline fluid pressure loss value, and performing image construction to obtain a water pipeline pressure difference value; the electronic valve works according to the adjusted valve opening value through the scheduling module, and the calculation module receives the water quality data obtained by the sensing module and performs corresponding valve control and purification treatment, so that responsibility complaints of users are greatly reduced, and resource waste is reduced.

The invention provides an automatic sprinkling irrigation system which comprises a water storage device, the water storage device comprises a water storage piece and a rainwater collection piece, the rainwater collection piece is arranged at the upper end of the water storage piece, the rainwater collection piece is provided with a collection part, and the collection part is communicated with the water storage piece through a flow guide channel; the power supply device is arranged on the water storage device and comprises a photovoltaic panel, the sprinkling irrigation device comprises a water pipe and a nozzle, one end of the water pipe communicates with the water storage device, and the other end of the water pipe communicates with the nozzle; the control device comprises a sensor and a control unit. According to the technical scheme, the underground water storage part and the ground rainwater collection part are combined, rainwater is efficiently collected and stored, and evaporation loss and ground space occupation are reduced. The sprinkling irrigation device is connected with the water storage piece through a water pipe, sprayers can be flexibly arranged according to requirements, and uniform irrigation is achieved. The control device integrates a sensor and a control unit, monitors soil humidity, illumination and other environmental parameters in real time, automatically adjusts an irrigation strategy, ensures timely and appropriate irrigation, and solves the problem of water resource waste.

The invention provides a concrete regulation and control system and method integrating heat recovery, spraying and gradient control, and relates to the technical field of concrete curing, and the concrete regulation and control system comprises a temperature sensing element and a humidity sensing element which are mounted on reinforcing steel bars in a concrete structure in a layered manner in the depth direction; the cooling water circulating system comprises a water pump and a cooling water pipe, and the cooling water pipe is arranged in the mass concrete structure and externally connected with a variable frequency circulating pump; the double-water-tank system is matched with the heater to realize graded regulation of water temperature; the automatic spraying system is connected with the integrated electric heating module; the heat recovery and circulation assembly is connected with an outlet of a cooling water pipe in the concrete, recovers concrete hydration heat brought out by the cooling water pipe, and transfers heat of high-temperature cooling water with the temperature being 50 DEG C or above to the phase change heat storage tank; the central control unit continuously receives and records monitoring data of the temperature sensor and the humidity sensor and analyzes the monitoring data in real time, and when the temperature gradient or the humidity gradient exceeds the limit, a gradient field control instruction is automatically triggered to achieve energy efficiency maximization.

The invention provides a photovoltaic power generation and air water taking irrigation system, comprising: a photovoltaic power generation module for generating electric energy by using light energy; the gel adsorption module is connected with the photovoltaic power generation module and is used for adsorbing water vapor in air by using gel and driving the gel to desorb and release the water vapor by using waste heat generated by the photovoltaic power generation module; the condensation water collection module is connected with the gel adsorption module and is used for condensing the water vapor to obtain condensed water; the crop irrigation module is connected with the condensation water collection module and is used for irrigating crops by utilizing the collected condensate water; the soil detection module is connected with the crop irrigation module and used for controlling irrigation according to the detected crop root system soil humidity, collaborative production of water, electricity and crops can be achieved under the condition that no external input exists in the island reef environment, and the problems that in the island reef environment, fresh water is in shortage, electricity is insufficient, and self-sufficiency of agricultural production is difficult are solved.

A fluid control device includes a fluid pipe section, a fluid valve assembled with the fluid pipe section, a flow rate sensor connected to the fluid pipe section monitoring a flow rate of the liquid fluid flow within the fluid pipe section, a control device processor electrically connected to the flow rate sensor to receive flow measurement signals from the flow rate sensor and operable to control movement of the fluid valve to a shutoff condition, and a wireless communication transmitter electrically connected to the control device processor. In response to the control device processor identifying from the flow measurement signals a flow condition exceeding a predetermined flow threshold, the control device processor performs at least one of controlling movement of the fluid valve to the shutoff condition and controlling wireless transmission of a user alert from the wireless communication transmitter.

The invention belongs to the technical field of water supply network adjustment, and particularly relates to a water supply network pressure and flow adjusting method. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, collecting pressure, flow and water temperature data of a monitoring node at present and in a preset time period, wherein the preset time period is set according to a water consumption period; preprocessing flow data through a sliding window method and fitting a curve, and marking an instantaneous disturbance time period; the dynamic response coefficient of each disturbance time period is calculated, and water temperature correction is needed; combining the flow standard score, the dynamic response coefficient and the real-time deviation coefficient to obtain a flow dynamic regulation index; a pressure stability index is obtained through pressure and water temperature trend feature vector matching; the two are subjected to weighted fusion to form a pipe network comprehensive regulation factor, and the valve opening and the water pump power are regulated accordingly. The method can accurately identify instantaneous disturbance, improve the adjustment precision and response speed, and guarantee stable water supply.

A system for a water generation apparatus of a vehicle includes a sensing device that detects an environmental condition of a geographical area associated with the vehicle. A display device is configured to present a depiction of the geographical area. A controller is in communication with the sensing device and the display device. The controller is configured to determine at least one water generation estimate for the water generation apparatus based on the environmental condition and the geographical area. The controller is further configured to generate a modified representation of the geographical area based on the at least one water generation estimate and the depiction of the geographical area. The controller is further configured to communicate an instruction to present the modified representation at the display device.

A backflow preventer (10, 128) includes a body (12, 130). The body includes an inlet port (14, 132) and an outlet port (16, 134). A central cylindrical bore (26, 144) extends in the body and axially between the inlet port and the outlet port. A first check valve (40, 152) and a second check valve (42, 156) are removably mounted in the bore through an insertion opening (38, 150). A removable plug (94, 95, 158) is positionable in the insertion opening to hold the check valves within the bore. Some exemplary arrangements include a translucent body to facilitate visual observation of proper check valve operation and testing of the backflow preventer.

The invention provides a constant-pressure water supply control method and system for a secondary-supply standardized pump room and a medium. The method comprises the steps that multiple historical water supply data including water supply time data, corresponding water pump water supply pressure data and user node water supply pressure data in a preset time period are obtained and processed, a water supply pressure grade and corresponding water supply pressure and water supply time are obtained, and processing is carried out in combination with the user node water supply pressure; the method comprises the steps of obtaining a pipeline pressure loss value corresponding to a water supply pressure grade, obtaining and processing real-time water supply time point data, obtaining and processing the water supply pressure grade, the corresponding water supply pressure and the pipeline pressure loss value, obtaining and processing real-time required water supply pressure of a water pump, then supplying water and obtaining and processing real-time water supply pressure data of a user node. Obtaining a real-time water supply evaluation index, finally carrying out threshold comparison, and controlling the adjustment of a water supply mode according to a comparison result. Therefore, constant-pressure water supply and accurate control of secondary water supply are achieved, and meanwhile energy consumption is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of building engineering management, in particular to a building water supply and drainage system based on a building BIM (Building Information Modeling), which comprises a pipeline drawing generation module, an interface arrangement verification module, an arrangement space detection module, an operation data monitoring module and a fluid risk early warning module. According to the method, standardized drawing mapping of the pipeline trend, size and node layout is achieved through structured extraction of the BIM model, it is ensured that drawing output is complete and consistent, interface offset is automatically compared, abnormal arrangement is accurately recognized, the installation accuracy is improved, component conflicts can be pre-judged through space node clear distance analysis, field coordination is assisted, and the construction efficiency is improved. The method comprises the following steps: monitoring flow velocity pressure of a key drainage section, screening abnormal nodes, filing a hydraulic state, analyzing high-frequency risk points in a time sequence, marking continuous abnormity, providing operation early warning support, constructing drawing generation, arrangement verification, space coordination and a data feedback closed-loop process, and improving construction design accuracy and system operation stability.

The invention provides a robust control automatic setting method for a constant-pressure water supply system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a system working condition in real time, and extracting multi-dimensional state parameters including real-time flow, pressure deviation, current deviation and power deviation; the current load working condition is judged according to the pressure deviation, disturbance characteristics are analyzed by integrating all parameters, and the disturbance grade and type are determined. On the basis, robust control parameters are automatically set in combination with real-time working conditions, load conditions and disturbance characteristics of the system. And finally, performing multi-stage cooperative control on the system by using the set parameters, so that the constant-pressure water supply system is automatically set. According to the robust control automatic setting method for the constant-pressure water supply system, load working conditions and disturbance characteristics are recognized based on multi-dimensional state parameters, robust control parameters are self-set in a targeted mode, and automatic setting of the constant-pressure water supply system is achieved through multi-stage cooperative control. Therefore, the intelligent level of the constant-pressure water supply system and the adaptability in different operation environments are effectively improved.

The invention discloses multi-pump collaborative variable-frequency energy-saving water supply equipment and a control method, belongs to the technical field of intelligent control of water supply equipment, and aims to solve the problems of high energy consumption and poor adaptability of traditional water supply equipment. The method comprises the following steps: collecting water consumption data, extracting features through a sliding window, screening parameters through principal component analysis to construct a feature parameter set, dividing feature clustering groups in combination with time attribute clustering, and associating water consumption time periods and demand intensity grades to construct a typical water consumption mode; according to the water pump performance curve and the attenuation index, constructing an updated dynamic capability matrix; matching a target water consumption mode, screening water pumps to construct an execution pump set, decomposing a flow demand and distributing a load to generate a regulation and control instruction; and executing the instruction and counting the deviation accumulated duration, and judging whether to update the instruction. Dynamic adaptation of the water pump set and the water demand is achieved, and the water supply stability and the energy saving performance are improved.

The invention discloses a water supply system and method suitable for a high-rise building, the water supply system suitable for the high-rise building comprises a data acquisition layer, a processing analysis layer and a decision control layer, a plurality of variable frequency water supply pumps are arranged in the water supply system, and each floor is provided with a corresponding variable frequency water supply pump; the data acquisition layer is connected with a plurality of water volume sensors, and the water volume sensors are used for collecting water volume data of the current high-rise building in real time and summarizing the water volume data to the data acquisition layer; the processing analysis layer is used for processing the water consumption data in real time and generating a water consumption curve; the processing analysis layer stores historical water consumption data, constructs a water consumption prediction model of each floor in combination with the water consumption data and the water consumption curve, and predicts the water consumption demand of each floor; and the decision control layer is used for generating a water supply plan of each floor according to the water consumption prediction model, and adjusting the output power of the variable frequency water supply pump corresponding to each floor according to the water supply plan. Through the intelligent hierarchical control strategy, accurate matching and intelligent control of water supply requirements of all floors of the high-rise building are achieved, and the stability and reliability of the water supply system are improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of intelligent water supply, and provides an urban pipe network intelligent water supply system and method based on the Internet of Things. Acquiring pipe network information in real time through a data acquisition module; the pipe network information is uploaded to a cloud platform through a data transmission module; analyzing the pipe network information through a data processing module, marking abnormal data, and predicting the state change of the pipe network in combination with a digital twin model and the collected real-time pipe network information; when it is detected that the pressure is abnormal or the water quality exceeds the standard, a regulation and control scheme is automatically generated, and a regulation and control instruction is sent to the execution module; the execution module adjusts the output power of the variable-frequency water pump and the opening degree of the electric control valve according to the control instruction to achieve dynamic balance of the pipe network; synchronously updating the operation state of the pipe network through a visual interface; the technical problems that in the prior art, the regulation and control decision of a water supply system is lagged and excessively depends on artificial experience are solved.

The invention discloses a secondary water supply remote monitoring and early warning system based on big data, relates to the technical field of water supply monitoring, and discloses a diversion node monitoring module, an abnormal node marking module, a primary node marking module, a check node marking module and a water supply early warning determination module. The distribution node monitoring module and the abnormal node marking module are arranged, three-dimensional comprehensive analysis can be conducted on all the distribution nodes of the secondary water supply pipe network, and through multi-dimensional analysis of all water supply monitoring indexes, whether water supply abnormity exists in the distribution nodes or not is efficiently and accurately judged; according to the method, the flow distribution nodes with abnormal water supply are accurately marked, a primary node marking module, a check node marking module and a water supply early warning determining module are arranged, other flow distribution nodes in a secondary water supply pipe network can be rapidly screened and analyzed based on the flow distribution abnormal nodes, and potential abnormal flow distribution nodes are efficiently analyzed; and meanwhile, the water supply early warning level is accurately determined.

Methods and systems for automatically mitigating risks of water damage to a property caused by insurance-related events are provided. A smart home controller and / or insurance provider remote processor may analyze data received from a smart device disposed on, within, or proximate to a property associated with monitoring water flow, as well as data received from an insurance provider. If it is determined that an actual or potential risk of water leakage exists, the smart home controller or remote processor may automatically issue commands to the smart device to take actions that mitigate the risk of water damage. The smart home controller may transmit information about the actual or potential water leakage risks and any mitigative actions to an insurance provider. The insurance provider remote processor may interpret the transmitted data and perform insurance activities, such as providing a discount or premium, and / or adjusting an insurance policy associated with the property.

The invention relates to the technical field of water supply network flushing, and discloses a pulse flushing method and system for a water supply network, and the system comprises a collection module which is configured to collect the water quality data of a pipeline before flushing and the water quality data of a pipeline after flushing in a pipe network monitoring area; recording the water quality data of the pipeline before flushing as first pipeline water quality data and recording the water quality data of the pipeline after flushing as second pipeline water quality data; the acquisition module is further configured to acquire the thickness of pipeline sediment in a pipe network monitoring area; the processing module is used for determining initial flushing parameters of the pulse flushing device according to the pipeline pollution degree index and the pipeline sediment thickness; the judging module is used for judging whether the pipe network monitoring area needs to be recharged or not according to the comparison result; and the supplementary flushing module is used for flushing the interior of the pipe network monitoring area according to the supplementary flushing parameters. Through cooperative work of all the modules, the whole pulse washing process is more efficient and controllable.

The invention discloses a pump station optimal scheduling method, which comprises the following steps of: setting a target function by taking the minimum power consumption carbon emission intensity Ee of a pump station as a target and taking the startup and shutdown variable and the water pump speed regulation ratio of each water pump in the pump station as decision variables; setting constraint conditions for solving the objective function, wherein the constraint conditions comprise water supply flow and water supply pressure constraints of the pump station; and solving a pump station optimization scheduling scheme. And using a plurality of different intelligent optimization algorithms to solve the new objective function to obtain a plurality of pump station optimization scheduling schemes, thereby determining an optimal pump station optimization scheduling scheme. The water supply requirement can be met, and low-carbon water supply can be achieved to the maximum extent.

The utility model discloses energy-saving full-automatic variable-frequency constant-pressure water supply equipment, which relates to the technical field of water supply equipment and comprises a pressure tank, a water inlet flange is fixedly arranged at the top end of the pressure tank, a water outlet pipe is fixedly arranged at the bottom end of the pressure tank, and an extension pipe is fixedly arranged at one end of the water outlet pipe. And a plurality of water pumps are arranged on one side of the pressure tank. The pressure tank and the water pump are arranged and connected in series, the water pump can pressurize water in the pressure tank in the water supply process so as to ensure that the water pressure of a pipe network is constant, and the filter screen is arranged in the pressure tank and is of a C-shaped structure, so that the water pressure of the pipe network is kept constant in the water filtering process. Impurities can be collected in the filter screen, so that the filter screen is convenient to disassemble and clean, and the design of the C-shaped structure can prevent the impurities from falling off in the disassembly process of the filter screen, so that the water quality in the equipment can be prevented from being influenced by the disassembly of the filter screen.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a water source by utilizing deep-sea low-temperature water and an efficient water preparation system thereof, relates to the technical field of water collection, and comprises the method for preparing the water source by utilizing the deep-sea low-temperature water and the efficient water preparation system. Deep-sea low-temperature water is pumped as a refrigerant, a low-temperature cold surface is formed in the efficient water collector on the sea surface, when the temperature of the cold surface and the ambient temperature on the sea surface form a temperature difference and reach a dew point, water molecules in the atmosphere form water drops on the surface of the water collecting pipe, and the water drops are collected and purified to form a water source. The bionic technical principles including the honeycomb principle and the nano brooch beetle hydrophilic principle are applied, the water collecting pipe is of an equilateral hexagonal structure, and after beetle surface pattern optimization treatment is simulated, the contact area between the surface of the refrigerating pipe and air is further increased, the hydrophilic capacity of the efficient water collector is enhanced, and therefore the water production efficiency is improved.

Systems and methods are provided for automatically actuating preexisting water shut-off valves. A coupling of a valve actuator is connected to a handle of the valve, such that a motor of the valve actuator causes the selective opening and closing of the water shut-off valve. A controller monitors and controls valve actuation by controlling the motor. In addition to actuating the water shut-off valve upon detection of leak conditions, the controller may actuate the valve in order to test the water supply system or to test operation of the water shut-off valve. The operating status of the water shut-off valve may thus be monitored in order to detect or address problems with the water shut-off valve to prevent unexpected valve failure after a leak is detected.

The invention discloses a digital pump water supply control method, system and equipment based on pressure and flow, and relates to the field of digital pump water supply.The method comprises the steps that historical water consumption data of a user in a water supply network in different time periods are obtained, and the historical water consumption data comprise the water outlet pressure and the water outlet flow of the water outlet end of a water supply unit; constructing a water demand data model based on the historical water consumption data, and predicting target pressure and target flow of the user at different time points in a first preset time period through the water demand data model; generating a water demand instruction based on the target pressure and the target flow, the water demand instruction comprising a mapping relationship between the target pressure and time and a mapping relationship between the target flow and time; and the common pump and / or the standby pump are / is started through the water demand instruction, and the water outlet pressure and the water outlet flow of the water supply unit are controlled through the common pump and / or the standby pump. The problem that the water supply amount is insufficient due to the fact that the water consumption of the user cannot be accurately controlled and predicted is solved.