The invention discloses a cable taking-up and paying-off device for a wire control robot. The cable taking-up and paying-off device for the wire control robot comprises a synchronous belt transmission mechanism, a cable winding mechanism, a cable arranging mechanism and a cable taking-up and paying-off motor. The synchronous belt transmission mechanism comprises a main driving synchronous belt wheel, a winding drum driving synchronous belt wheel, a lead screw driving synchronous belt wheel, a winding drum driving synchronous belt and a lead screw driving synchronous belt. The cable winding mechanism comprises a winding drum, a first winding drum support, a second winding drum support, a first winding drum bearing, a winding drum driving shaft, a winding drum driving wheel, a second winding drum bearing, a winding drum supporting shaft and a winding drum follower wheel. The cable arranging mechanism comprises a bidirectional lead screw, a first lead screw support, a second lead screw support, a first lead screw bearing, a second lead screw bearing, a lead screw sliding block, an unthreaded shaft and a cable guiding block. The invention further discloses a cable taking-up and paying-off method of the cable taking-up and paying-off device for the wire control robot. According to the cable taking-up and paying-off device and cable taking-up and paying-off method for the wire control robot, a cable can be taken up and paid off in order, the tightness is proper, the stability and effectiveness are good, the probability of intertwining and breaking of the cable is lowered, the practicability is high, and using and popularization are convenient.