The invention provides a QKD post-processing system and method based on a CRC-SCL decoding algorithm, the system comprises a sender and a receiver, the sender comprises an information interaction unit, a parameter estimation unit, an error correction unit and a confidential amplification unit; the receiver comprises an information interaction unit, a parameter estimation unit, an error correction unit and an amplification unit. According to the continuous variable quantum key distribution characteristic, performance characteristics of error correction codes with different code lengths are combined, on the basis of classical multilateral LDPC code multidimensional negotiation, the polarization codes are introduced for cascade decoding, the excellent error correction performance of the polarization codes based on the CRC-SCL decoding algorithm in medium and short code lengths is fully utilized, and finally decoding is completed. According to the method, the data coordination efficiency is improved, the error correction efficiency is guaranteed, the quantum key generation rate of the QKD system is further improved, and the overall performance of the system is guaranteed.