The invention discloses a binocular vision positioning and three-dimensional mapping method for an indoor mobile robot. A binocular vision positioning and three-dimensional mapping system for the indoor mobile robot is mainly composed of a two-wheeled mobile robot platform, an odometer module, an analog camera, an FPGA core module, an image acquisition module, a wireless communication module, a storage module, a USB module and a remote data processing host computer. The FPGA core module controls the image acquisition module to collect information of a left image and a right image and sends the information of the left image and the right image to the remote data processing host computer. Distance information between images and the robot is obtained on the remote data processing host computer according to the information of the left image and the right image in a fast belief propagation algorithm, a three-dimensional environmental map is established in the remote data processing host computer, recognition of a specific marker is realized in an improved SIFT algorithm, and then the position of the mobile robot is determined through information integration in a particle filter algorithm. The binocular vision positioning and three-dimensional mapping system is compact in structure and capable of having access to an intelligent space system so that the indoor mobile robot can detect the environment in real time and provide more and accurate services according to the corresponding position information at the same time.