The invention provides an automatic row alignment device of a root-tuber crop harvesting machine. The automatic row alignment device comprises a tractor, a row alignment mechanism, an excavating mechanism, a land wheel, a hauling mechanism, a piston rod, an oil pump and a rack; when the row alignment mechanism deviates from the center of a crop row, a profiling cylinder is crashed by root caps to move upward along a support frame, and a wedge block moves upward to enable a two-position two-port hand-operated directional vale to reverse; due to change of an oil way, the piston rod is forced to move, and the rack rotates around the hauling mechanism, i.e., the row alignment mechanism and the excavating mechanism move together; during the movement process of the row alignment mechanism, the piston rod is ensured not to move any more under the effect of a spring and the two-position two-port hand-operated directional valve, and the rack does not rotate around the hauling mechanism any more, i.e., the row alignment mechanism and the excavating mechanism do not move any more, and the row alignment operation is finished. The automatic row alignment device can be applied to the root-tuber crop harvesting machine, and is capable of reducing the situations of missed crop excavation and crop damage caused by excavation, and improving the crop harvesting rate.