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353 results about "Combine harvester" patented technology

The modern combine harvester, or simply combine, is a versatile machine designed to efficiently harvest a variety of grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate harvesting operations—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize), sorghum, soybeans, flax (linseed), sunflowers and canola. The separated straw, left lying on the field, comprises the stems and any remaining leaves of the crop with limited nutrients left in it: the straw is then either chopped, spread on the field and ploughed back in or baled for bedding and limited-feed for livestock.

Apparatus, systems and methods for automated navigation of agricultural equipment

A system and method for generating a guidance path for automated navigation of large agricultural equipment. Vehicle path data from leading vehicles can be recorded, stored or inputted into the system for generation of guidance paths offset from the swaths traversed by the leading vehicle. Combines, planters sprayers and other vehicles utilizing guidance system can be used to record leading vehicle data for use by the following vehicle in real time or in subsequent cycles. Enterprise systems can manage multiple grain carts and / or combines or other vehicles to maximize efficiency.
Owner:AG LEADER TECHNOLOGY INC

Crawler-type combine harvester path automatic tracking method and system

The invention discloses an automatic path tracking method and system for a crawler-type combine harvester, and belongs to the technical field of unmanned driving of agricultural machinery, and the method comprises the following steps: automatic on-line: obtaining a current position and a current course, carrying out transverse deviation calculation and judgment, adjusting the advancing direction of the harvester, and enabling the harvester to be on-line rapidly; linear path tracking: calculating a transverse deviation and a course deflection angle in real time and finely adjusting the harvester; performing current operation path termination judgment: performing distance judgment, angle judgment and area judgment on the current position of the harvester to obtain a current operation path termination judgment result, and determining whether the harvester reaches the terminal point of the current operation path or not; and right-angle turning: performing right-angle turning to realize accurate line feed operation of the harvester. According to the invention, the problem that the working efficiency is low due to the fact that the existing tracked vehicle cannot quickly go on line and control right-angle turning is solved. According to the method, high-precision path tracking is ensured, and meanwhile, the working efficiency and the stability of a control system are improved.
Owner:SHANDONG UNIV OF TECH +1

Devices systems and methods for detecting and addressing work machine conditions

The present disclosure includes devices methods and systems for detecting lost crop in a work machine operation. The method may include receiving ground speed data from one or more speed detection systems. The method may include receiving crop condition data from one or more feed data sensors. The method may include determining one or more crop condition states based at least in part on one or more of the ground speed data and the crop condition data. The method may include determining lost crop based at least in part on the one or more crop condition states. The method may include adjusting one or more combine operation parameters based at least in part on the determination of lost crop.
Owner:DEERE & CO

Door securing mechanism for an agricultural implement

In a combine harvester, a hinged door provides access to an aperture in a wall of a walled compartment. A camera may be attached to the door, for monitoring the interior of the compartment. The door is configured to be locked and unlocked by an overcenter mechanism and requires an auxiliary tool for locking and unlocking the mechanism. The mechanism includes a pivotable rod pivotable about a first pivot axis relative to the door, and an overcenter arm that is pivotable at one end relative to a lever fixed to or integral with the rod. The other end of the overcenter arm is attachable to the wall including the aperture covered by the door. The overall dimensions of the mechanism are such that pivoting the rod to thereby lock or unlock the mechanism requires an auxiliary tool. A wrench or similar gripping tool may be used for pivoting the rod.
Owner:CNH IND BELGIUM NV

Hybrid combine harvester, and control method and controller therefor

PCT designated stageWO2026036632A1MowersPropulsion by batteries/cellsHybrid solutionCombine harvester
The present application relates to the technical field of agricultural machinery. Disclosed are a hybrid combine harvester, and a control method and a controller therefor. The harvester comprises: a hybrid system comprising a power battery and a range extender composed of an engine and a generator; an operation system comprising a plurality of operation components and a plurality of operation electric motors enabling each operation component to be driven by an electric motor; a traveling system comprising traveling wheels and traveling electric motors for driving the corresponding traveling wheels; and a control system comprising a vehicle controller and a plurality of electric motor controllers respectively corresponding to the operation electric motors, the traveling electric motors and the generator. The hybrid system supplies, in response to a power control strategy of the control system, power to corresponding electric motors in the operation system and the traveling system, so as to drive the harvester to travel and operate. The present application realizes a full electric-drive hybrid solution of the harvester, and avoids the problem of efficiency caused by multi-stage mechanical transmission of a traditional harvester.
Owner:ZOOMLION HEAVY INDUSTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Hordeum crushing, threshing and cleaning device of highland barley combine harvester

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural harvesting equipment, in particular to an awn crushing, threshing and cleaning device of a highland barley combine harvester. Wherein the threshing cylinder is divided into a front end awn crushing section and a rear end threshing section, two sections of spike teeth are driven to rotate reversely through a coaxial reversing mechanism, a feeding auger and an awn crushing fan are arranged at the front end, and material conveying and preliminary wheat awn scattering are synchronously achieved; an anti-blocking and unblocking roller device is assembled on the outer side of the arc-shaped concave plate, and screen hole clamping objects are carded in real time; a top cover plate of the threshing cylinder is provided with a sectional type material guide plate, a hydraulic spike tooth assembly and a feeding quantity sensor, and the material accumulation working condition is dynamically adapted; the controllable fan is provided with a variable frequency drive and an adjustable air guide plate, and the air speed and the airflow direction can be adjusted according to working conditions. All the modules work cooperatively through the controller, threshing-awn crushing-cleaning integrated operation of highland barley is achieved, threshing thoroughness, awn processing efficiency and cleaning precision can be improved, manual intervention is reduced, and the requirement for large-scale highland barley harvesting is met.
Owner:GANSU AGRI UNIV +1

Self-propelled potato combine harvester with residual film recovery device

The invention provides a self-propelled potato combine harvester with a residual film recovery device, belongs to the technical field of agricultural machinery, and solves the problems of high soil carrying amount, residual film winding, large potato block damage and the like in film-covered potato harvesting. The machine comprises a main machine frame, a crawler belt walking mechanism, a power system and a harvesting mechanism, a secondary soil shaking conveying mechanism, a secondary soil shaking screening mechanism, a lifting conveying mechanism, a cleaning conveying mechanism and a bag hanging mechanism which are arranged in the advancing direction, and a continuous operation chain is formed. The core is that the harvesting mechanism is integrated with a residual film recovery device, and the front recovery of the residual film is realized through film guiding, film pressing, reciprocating film pulling and winding. The whole machine is of a multi-stage soil shaking and screening and low-damage conveying structure, a power system achieves power distribution and speed regulation through a hydraulic electromagnetic valve set, and all the mechanisms are assembled in a modularized mode to adapt to different soil textures and ridge types. The potato harvester integrates harvesting and residual film recycling, is high in potato cleaning rate, low in potato block damage, high in continuous operation capacity and convenient to maintain, and meets the large-scale and green potato production requirements.
Owner:GANSU AGRI UNIV

combine harvester threshing device

The present invention aims to provide a combine harvester that can maintain good threshing performance by improving the feeding of grain stalks into the threshing device, even when a large amount of grain stalks are sent to the threshing device. [Solution] In a combine harvester, a threshing device 4 is mounted on the machine frame 1, in which a threshing cylinder 11 is pivotally supported in a threshing chamber 10, a plurality of grain stalk feeding guides 60 are provided in the threshing chamber 10, and a receiving net 12 surrounds the lower half of the threshing cylinder 11. The threshing device of the combine harvester is characterized in that the spacing La of the front grain stalk feeding guides 60a provided on the front end side of the threshing cylinder 11 is narrower than the spacing Lb of the intermediate grain stalk feeders 60b provided in the middle part of the threshing cylinder 11.
Owner:ISEKI & CO LTD

A combine harvester with differentiated processing of material function

ActiveCN120615476BGuaranteed screening effectlow costMowersThreshersAgricultural engineeringThreshing
The application discloses a combine harvester with a material differentiation processing function, which comprises a walking chassis, a ploughing and harvesting assembly, a material conveying assembly and a threshing and cleaning assembly arranged in sequence from front to back on the walking chassis; the threshing and cleaning assembly comprises a threshing device and a cleaning device arranged in an up-down mode; the cleaning device comprises a sieve body and a driving main shaft for vibrating the sieve body; the number of the sieve bodies is at least three, and all the sieve bodies are closely arranged in the axial direction of the driving main shaft; a driving member is connected between the driving main shaft and each sieve body, and the specifications of the driving members connected with the sieve bodies at different positions are different, so that the vibration parameters of the sieve bodies at different positions are different. In the application, the structural design of the cleaning device can fully meet the distribution characteristics that the materials falling from the threshing cylinder of the threshing device are more on both sides and less in the middle, and targeted screening processing of the differentially distributed materials is realized.
Owner:NANJING AGRI MECHANIZATION INST MIN OF AGRI

Corn combine harvester with large operation range

The invention provides a corn combine harvester with a large operation range, and relates to the field of corn harvesters. The corn combine harvester with the large operation range comprises a vehicle body and a rack, a header is arranged at the front end of the rack, a spiral conveyor is arranged below the header, and a peeling device is arranged at an outlet of the spiral conveyor. The peeling device comprises a plurality of groups of peeling rollers which are oppositely arranged, each peeling roller comprises a fixed roller and a floating roller, the floating roller can move relative to the fixed roller, and a pressure sensor is embedded in the floating roller. A central controller is arranged in the rack, and the pressure sensor is in signal connection with the central controller. A conveying belt is arranged below the peeling device, and an elevator is arranged on the downstream of the peeling device. The stress state of corncobs is sensed in real time through the pressure sensor, and the central controller dynamically adjusts the gap between the floating roller and the fixed roller according to a pressure signal, so that each corncob obtains matched stripping force, self-adaptive stripping is realized, and the complete stripping rate and the kernel perfectness rate are improved.
Owner:JOTEC INT HEAVY IND QINGDAO

Grain moisture detection method, device, combine harvester, apparatus, and medium

ActiveCN119366339BMowersForecastingSoil scienceGrain moisture
The application provides a kind of grain moisture content detection method, device, combine harvester, equipment and medium, the method comprises: collecting the temperature of the environment where grain is located, the relative dielectric constant and bulk weight of grain in a preset period;Based on temperature, relative dielectric constant and bulk weight, train through grain moisture content detection model, obtain the moisture content of grain in a preset period;Through the grain moisture content detection model, periodically detect the moisture content of grain.The grain moisture content detection method provided by the application uses a nonlinear method of multiple influencing factors to regress and predict data, by considering multiple influencing factors, the fitting regression accuracy of the grain moisture content detection model is improved, and the moisture content of grain is periodically detected through the grain moisture content detection model, the moisture content of grain is stably detected for a long time, and the reliability is high, so as to improve the accuracy of grain moisture content detection as a whole.
Owner:INTELLIGENT EQUIPMENT RESEARCH CENTER BEIJING ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SCIENCES

Management methods and management systems

This invention provides a management method and management system that can improve the usability of selecting work items and setting work information. [Solution] The management method for the combine harvester 2, which is a work vehicle capable of autonomous driving, involves, for example, using the operator's management terminal 3, notifying the operator that the previously harvested area 191c (previously harvested land) where the combine harvester 2 has performed harvesting work has not reached the headland area 191e, which is the area required as a headland when the combine harvester 2 performs autonomous driving, or notifying the operator that the previously harvested area 191c has reached the headland area 191e, if the previously harvested area 191c has reached the headland area 191e.
Owner:YANMAR HLDG CO LTD

combine

To provide a combine harvester that can suppress grain stalks from becoming entangled in the harvesting device. [Solution] In a combine harvester, a traveling device (2) for traveling in a field is provided on the underside of a machine frame (1) on which an engine (E) is mounted, a harvesting device (3) for cutting grain stalks is provided on the front side of the machine frame (1), a threshing device (4) for threshing the harvested grain stalks is provided on the rear left side of the harvesting device (3), a control unit (5) for the operator is provided on the rear right side of the harvesting device (3), and a grain tank (7) for storing grain is provided behind the control unit (5) along with a camera (11). The camera (11) takes an image of the front of the combine harvester, and the controller (50) of the combine harvester estimates the posture of the grain stalk heads from the image taken by the camera (11) and calculates the entanglement rate of the grain stalks.
Owner:ISEKI & CO LTD

combine

We provide a combine harvester that allows for easy maintenance and replacement of antennas. [Solution] The outer periphery of the control unit (5) is covered with a cabin (9). The cabin (9) is formed of a cabin frame (10) that forms the skeleton of the cabin (9), a cabin plate (11) fixed to a front and rear frame (21A) that extends in the front and rear direction and is formed on the upper left side of the cabin frame (10), and a cabin roof (12) that covers the upper part of the cabin frame (10) and the cabin plate (11). An antenna (52) for receiving information from the outside is detachably attached to a rear plate (32) at the rear of the cabin plate (11), and an outlet opening (53) larger than the front and rear longitudinal cross-section of the antenna (52) is formed in the cabin frame (10) near the antenna (52).
Owner:ISEKI & CO LTD

A corn combine and a corn ear picking device thereof

This invention discloses a corn combine harvester and its corn ear-picking device. The corn ear-picking device includes a frame, a reeling mechanism, an ear-picking mechanism, and a flexible protective structure. The ear-picking mechanism has ear-picking plates, an adaptive adjustment structure, and a floating adjustment structure for adjusting the height of each ear-picking plate. The floating adjustment structure is mounted on the frame below the ear-picking plates, and the ear-picking plates are connected to the frame via the adaptive adjustment structure. In this invention, all ear-picking plates are connected to the frame via the adaptive adjustment structure, allowing for real-time adjustment of the spacing between the ear-picking plates. This not only reduces the corn's damage rate but also decreases the ear drop rate, reducing the amount of corn ears left in the field. During ear-picking, the flexible protective structure prevents rigid contact between the corn ears and the ear-picking plates, further reducing the corn damage rate. During ear-picking, the floating adjustment structure absorbs some of the collision energy, further preventing ear damage and kernel drop.
Owner:HENAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Header concave gap adjustment device

The application discloses a concave plate gap adjusting device of a combine harvester, and belongs to the field of agricultural machinery, which comprises a feeding auger, a threshing cylinder, a support, a bearing seat, a follower and a screening assembly. The support is fixedly connected with the bearing seat at both ends. The support is rotatably connected with the feeding auger and the threshing cylinder through the two bearing seats. The end, away from the bearing seat, of the feeding auger is connected with the threshing cylinder. A linear guide groove is correspondingly arranged on the support. The support is connected with the screening assembly through the linear guide groove and cooperates with the guide follower. The end, close to the bearing seat, of the auger is provided with a feeding inlet. The end, close to the bearing seat, of the threshing cylinder is provided with a discharge outlet. The threshing cylinder and the screening assembly are arranged. The gap between the threshing cylinder and the screening assembly can be adjusted through the screening assembly during the threshing process of the threshing cylinder, so that the threshing effect is improved.
Owner:HAINAN UNIV

Water turbine system and method of use

A water turbine system for providing electrical power from the flowing of water through a canal element. This invention is ideally suited for placement in a flowing river, but any flowing body of water should provide the necessary kinetic energy for the present invention to function. The turbine could be formed from a modified combine pickup wheel. The system could include a floating barge within the flowing body of water containing an interior channel over which the turbines are affixed.
Owner:JENKINS IV ROBERT W

Method, device and equipment for flow simulation regulation and control of combine harvester and medium

The invention discloses a logistics simulation regulation and control method, device and equipment for a combine harvester and a medium, and relates to the field of combine harvester simulation, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a logistics simulation model, constructing an MPC model used for determining optimal operation input parameters based on a physical information ash bin model, and constructing a logistics simulation model; the physical information ash bin model is used for determining a prediction quality index, a prediction efficiency index and a prediction risk index based on a logistics simulation model according to operation input parameters and measurement disturbance parameters, and describing state updating of a threshing load level and a cleaning load level based on threshing effective processing capacity and cleaning effective processing capacity; and according to the current operation input parameter and the current measurement disturbance parameter, determining an optimal operation input parameter through an MPC model. According to the method and the device, the physical processes of threshing and cleaning of the combine harvester can be accurately coupled, so that accurate prediction of prediction indexes is realized in a wide load range, and the accuracy of optimization of operation input parameters is improved.
Owner:NANJING AGRI MECHANIZATION INST MIN OF AGRI

Backpack type peanut picking and fruit-picking combined harvester

The invention discloses a backpack type peanut picking combined harvester, which relates to the field of agricultural machinery, and comprises a movable frame, and a support frame and a first straight gear which are fixedly connected to the top of the movable frame; the first straight gears are symmetrically arranged on the inner side of the supporting frame, the number of the first straight gears is two, the number of the first straight gears in each set is two, chains are installed on the outer walls of the two first straight gears, and a plurality of fixing blocks and a plurality of clamping teeth are arranged at the top and the bottom of each chain. An adaptive clamping device, a steering adjusting piece and a swing stripping assembly are arranged between each clamping tooth and the fixing block. According to the peanut picking device, the adaptive clamper is arranged, so that the clamping teeth can perform self-adaptive abutting in the process of clamping seedlings for conveying, the stability of subsequently beating soil on peanuts at the bottoms of the seedlings is ensured, the seedlings are prevented from falling off due to loose clamping, and the peanut picking effect is further improved.
Owner:HENAN SOWING HARVEST AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT CO LTD +3

A rice and wheat lodging three-dimensional attribute detection and distribution map construction method for a combine harvester, an electronic device, and a computer readable storage medium

The application discloses a rice and wheat lodging three-dimensional attribute detection and distribution map construction method for a combine harvester, an electronic device and a computer readable storage medium. The method uses a vehicle-mounted binocular vision to obtain field images and depth information, segments a lodging area through a deep learning model, and then calculates three-dimensional attributes such as the area, position, angle and direction of the lodging area. Through displacement-based key frame screening and overlap degree judgment, multiple frame detection results are fused in a global coordinate system, and finally a spatial distribution map reflecting the overall lodging condition of a field plot is constructed, thereby providing a precise sensing basis for intelligent operation of the combine harvester.
Owner:JIANGSU UNIV

combine

PendingJP2026109339AAugerCombine harvester
The present invention provides a combine harvester that suppresses rice spillage from the discharge port when the auger is automatically stored in the auger receiving section. [Solution] In a combine harvester equipped with a discharge switch (25a) for discharging grain from a grain tank (d) and a storage switch (25b) for storing the discharge auger device (1) in an auger receiving section (1c), the controller (33) of the combine harvester detects the ON state of the storage switch (25b) when the discharge switch (25a) is OFF, and controls the discharge port (3) to be set to a second state by the switching means (19) of the discharge auger device (1), and then stores the rotating auger section (1b) in the auger receiving section (1c).
Owner:ISEKI & CO LTD

A combine harvester state parameter detection test bench and method

The application aims to provide a combine harvester state parameter detection test bench and method, which comprises a conveying belt, a control device and a combine harvester rack for placing a combine harvester; the combine harvester rack is internally provided with a power source of a threshing cylinder and a grain conveying auger, a power source of a fan and a power source of a cleaning sieve, which respectively drive corresponding parts in the combine harvester to conduct experiments; the combine harvester rack is further provided with a power source of an inclined conveyor, a power source of a wind deflector and a power source of a cleaning sieve opening, which respectively drive corresponding parts in the combine harvester to conduct experiments; the conveying belt is horizontally arranged, and a discharge end of the conveying belt is arranged in cooperation with a feeding end of the inclined conveyor of the combine harvester; and the application further comprises a detection system installed on the combine harvester rack and used for detecting state parameters of each part of the combine harvester in the experiment. The application can monitor state parameters of the combine harvester in real time and find optimal system parameters.
Owner:HENAN UNIV OF SCI & TECH

Work vehicles

This invention provides a combine harvester that automatically selects a turning method based on the combine's turning position, thereby shortening the turning time and improving the efficiency of grain harvesting. [Solution] The controller (30) automatically drives the traveling device (2) along a rectangular travel path (41) that circles counterclockwise, sets the traveling device (2) to a turning position (A to D) where it will stop, and determines whether there is space to turn the combine 90 degrees in front of and to the right of the combine at the turning position (A to D). If it determines that there is space, it turns the combine 90 degrees and resumes automatic driving.
Owner:ISEKI & CO LTD

Automatic travel method, automatic travel program, and automatic travel system

Provided are an automatic travel method, an automatic travel program, and an automatic travel system with which it is possible to improve the work efficiency of work performed by a work vehicle capable of automatic travel. A travel system (10) is a system for performing harvesting work by a harvesting unit (15) while enabling a combine harvester (1) to automatically travel along a target path in a work area. The work processing unit (112) controls the operation (position) of the harvesting unit (15) on the basis of work site information including information on a non-work site where harvesting work has not been completed and information on a work site where harvesting work has been completed in the work area.
Owner:YANMAR HLDG CO LTD

Two-stage cleaning device for grain combine harvester

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cleaning, in particular to a two-stage cleaning device for a grain combine harvester, the two-stage cleaning device comprises a pre-cleaning device and a main cleaning device which are sequentially arranged along the conveying direction, the pre-cleaning device comprises an air supply device and an auger conveying mechanism, the auger conveying mechanism comprises an auger shaft, and the main cleaning device is arranged on the auger shaft. The auger shaft is of a pipeline type structure, one end of the auger shaft is closed, the other end of the auger shaft is communicated with an air supply device through a fan pipeline, and the surface of the auger shaft is provided with a plurality of ventilation holes and fixedly sleeved with spiral blades. According to the device, the synergistic effect of mechanical scattering and airflow scattering is achieved in the material conveying and scattering process, adhesion between grains and stems and leaves is remarkably reduced, the material looseness and layering uniformity are improved, and a stable material flow foundation is provided for follow-up cleaning.
Owner:SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Combine harvester intelligent regulation and control method and system based on multi-dimensional weed information perception

ActiveCN121621122AMowersControl engineeringWeed infestation
The invention provides a combined harvester intelligent regulation and control method and system based on multi-dimensional weed information perception, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining a weed infestation three-dimensional load coefficient representing the three-dimensional physical load of weeds based on the density information, thickness information and running speed of the weeds in a to-be-harvested region in front of a header of a combined harvester; monitoring operation parameters of the threshing and cleaning system of the combine harvester, and generating a current system health degree signal and a blockage risk signal of the threshing and cleaning system based on the operation parameters; querying a preset mapping table to obtain a corresponding operation parameter preset instruction based on the weed infestation three-dimensional load coefficient; wherein the preset mapping table comprises a corresponding relation between the load coefficient and the operation parameter; based on the system health degree signal, optimizing the operation parameter preset instruction to obtain an optimized operation parameter control instruction; and when the blockage risk signal reaches the preset blockage threshold value, a safety protection instruction is generated, so that the adaptability and the anti-blockage capability of the operation of the combined harvester are improved.
Owner:CHINA AGRI UNIV

Header assembly and combine harvester

The utility model belongs to agricultural machinery technical field and provide a cutting platform assembly and combine, cutting platform assembly includes cutting platform hanger and first locking subassembly. The cutting platform hanger is formed with the insertion cavity for the first connecting portion of harvester body is inserted, first locking subassembly movably sets up in insertion cavity and can remove and remove insertion installation path, insertion installation path is the installation removal path when first connecting portion inserts to insertion cavity, first locking subassembly is used for limiting the first connecting portion of insertion and holding in the back direction, locks first connecting portion in insertion cavity. The cutting platform assembly in the utility model only needs to control first locking subassembly removes, removes insertion installation path, can realize the locking and unlocking between cutting platform hanger and harvester body, and the steps are fewer, and dismounting is more labor-saving.
Owner:ZOOMLION HEAVY MASCH CO LTD

Combine harvester

To provide a combine harvester capable of preventing breakage of a battery by suppressing movement of the battery during traveling of the combine harvester.SOLUTION: A storage chamber (31) for storing a battery (40) for supplying electric power to a starter of an engine (E) is formed below a floor (30) of a steering part (5), and a mounting member (51) for mounting the battery (40) is provided in the storage chamber (31). The front portion of the placement member (51) is fixed to the front 31A (side 31R) of the storage room (31), the right portion of the placement member (51) is fixed to the right 31R (side wall) of the storage room (31), the locking member (55) extending from the right wall (side wall) of the storage room (31) toward the battery (40) is provided, and the upper portion of the battery (40) is locked by the locking member (55).SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8
Owner:ISEKI & CO LTD