The invention discloses an encrypted radiation imaging system based on a random thickness liquid mask, which comprises an X-ray source, an object to be detected, a liquid metal mask, a mask internal thickness control array and an X-ray detector. According to the invention, the thickness of the liquid mask is randomly adjusted through the mask internal thickness control array, the X-ray passing through the mask is attenuated randomly, sensitive information carried in X-ray imaging is encrypted, the sensitive information of a to-be-detected object is effectively protected, physical shielding encryption measures are adopted for energy and position information of emitted particles, the proposed security check technology encrypts information carried by the emergent X-rays from the physical field, the risk that privacy information is leaked is avoided, any privacy information of the to-be-checked article is not exposed, whether the to-be-checked article contains contraband articles or not is conveniently confirmed by adopting a template comparison method, and the security check is carried out on the basis of protecting the sensitive information of the checked article.