The invention discloses a sheet vacuum pickup and release device which comprises a moving mechanism, a swinging and vacuum picking mechanism (90) and a posture correcting mechanism (80), wherein the moving mechanism is used for realizing the linear movement on three directions, i.e. an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis; the swinging and vacuum picking mechanism is installed on the Z axis moving mechanism, is used for implementing the pickup and the release of a sheet and comprises an air cylinder mounting seat (904), a swinging air cylinder (903), a rotating shaft (908), a fixed block (906), an air pipe joint (905), a vacuum suction disc (907), an adsorbing and connecting plate (909) and the like; and the posture correcting mechanism is used for carrying out angle adjustment on the Z axis direction on the swinging and vacuum picking mechanism and comprises an actuator mounting plate (801), a linear actuator (802), a spring tension element (807), a connecting block (80), an air cylinder connecting plate (810) and the like. Through the sheet vacuum pickup and release device, the more accurate pickup and release action of the sheet can be realized; and the sheet vacuum pickup and release device has the advantages of compact structure, high reliability, convenience in operation and the like.