The invention relates to the field of pile pulling, in particular to a working method of a multi-stage pile pulling device with a one-way locking effect. The multi-stage pile pulling device comprisesa manual clamping mechanism, a rotating mechanism, a lifting plate, a guide plate, a buffer treading mechanism, a buffer telescopic mechanism, an automatic clamping device, a timber pile, a jacking pipe and two one-way clamping devices. According to the working method of the multi-stage pile pulling device with the one-way locking effect, a worker is prevented from shaking the timber pile back andforth, breakage of the timber pile is avoided, the process of pile pulling through equipment is not needed, and the worker can conveniently pull the timber pile. The buffer treading mechanism drivesthe buffer telescopic mechanism and automatic clamping arms to clamp and move the timber pile upwards, the pulled timber pile is locked through the one-way clamping devices, and the timber pile is prevented from sliding downwards. The clamping range of the automatic clamping arms is large, frequent replacement of parts is avoided, the timber pile pulling process is rapid, the worker can conveniently and rapidly carry out pile pulling work, excessive labor of the worker is avoided, and the working efficiency of the worker is improved.