Disclosed are a method and a system for coal and rock boundary dividing based on coal and rock image feature extraction and classification and recognition. The method includes firstly, photographing coal and rock images on a coal mining working face, extracting texture feature information of the coal and rock images, and constructing a feature vector, wherein the texture feature information comprises the original images and the angular second moment, the contrast, the correlation, the mean value and the variance of every low-frequency coefficient image with Daubechies wavelet decomposition scale, and the texture feature information also comprises the total mean value and the total variance for calculating high-frequency coefficient images in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions; and lastly, creating a best classifier to recognize the coal and rock boundary. The system comprises an image acquisition module, a feature module, a classification and recognition module, a result display interactive module, a memory module and a central control module. The method and the system for the coal and rock boundary dividing based on the coal and rock image feature extraction and the classification and recognition have simple calculation, less human intervention and low cost, can improve classification accuracy and efficiency of the coal and rock images in complex environments effectively, and provides accurate and reliable coal and rock boundary information.