The invention relates to the field of image processing, in particular to a multi-target segmentation method for an image with non-uniform illumination, which comprises the following specific steps of: (1) inputting the image and converting the image into a grayscale image; (2) after the step (1), setting an image pixel neighborhood, and starting to traverse image pixels; (3) after the step (2), calculating a gray average value and an image entropy value, and dividing image pixel neighborhoods into four local neighborhoods, namely brightness neighborhoods and characteristic strength neighborhoods; and (4) after the step (3), processing different pixel points by adopting different neighborhood sizes and threshold calculation methods until all the pixel points of the image are traversed. According to the method, the gray level distribution aggregation degree and spatial characteristics of pixel neighborhoods can be fully considered, even if a halo effect exists in an illumination non-uniform image, appropriate neighborhoods and threshold values can be automatically selected, whether the current pixel is in a target area or not can be better judged, and it is guaranteed that the outline of a target or a defect can be accurately divided.