The present invention provides peptides for use in a medicament which is administered nasally, wherein the
peptide is an
agonist of
neuropeptide S
receptor (NPSR), of the
receptor TGR23 and / or of
vasopressin receptor-related receptor 1 (VRR1) or for use in the treatment of a patient by causing, promoting or increasing relieve or healing of phobic
anxiety, avoidance
anxiety, dissociative
anxiety such as flashbacks, depersonalization, derealization, intrusions, vegetative symptoms related to anxiety symptoms, especially in
panic attacks, in posttraumatic stress disorder, in generalised
anxiety disorder and in anxiety accompanying depressive, or psychotic episodes,
arousal, awakening,
alertness, activity, spontaneous movement, an
anxiolytic effect or a combination thereof in the patient, wherein the
peptide is administered nasally or for use in the prophylaxis and / or treatment of an anxiety or
sleep disorder, especially in any type of hypersomnia like idiopathic hypersomnia, wherein the
peptide is administered nasally. Further provided are pharmaceutical compositions for
nasal administration comprising at least one of said peptides, uses of said peptide or said pharmaceutical composition. The invention also provides a method for identifying target neurons of
a peptide in an animal, wherein the peptide is administered nasally.